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FF4 Exam 2 > Digestion & Absorption - Macronutrients > Flashcards

Digestion & Absorption - Macronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Where do CHO begin to be digested?

A

In the mouth

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2
Q

Where do proteins begin to be digested?

A

In the stomach

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3
Q

Where do the majority of macronutrients get digested primarily?

A

Small Intestine

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4
Q

Fats gets absorbed through _________

A

Lymph - central lacteals

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5
Q

What increases the surface area in the SI?

A

Extensive foldings

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6
Q

The folds of mucosa/submucosa are called _____________.

A

plicae circulares

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7
Q

The microscopic folds that further increase the surface area are called ______

A

Villi

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8
Q

When the apical membrane of villi, fold they are termed:

A

Microvilli

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9
Q

Celiac disease is associate with what in the villi?

A

Damaged villi

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10
Q

Which part of the intestinal foldings contain the brush border enzymes?

A

Microvilli

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11
Q

T/F Brush border enzymes get secreted into the intestinal lumen

A

False, they remain attached to the cell membrane

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12
Q

The brush border enzyme (BBE) required for activation of trypsin is _______________

A

Enterokinase

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13
Q

Which BBE split disaccharides?

A
  • sucrase
  • maltase
  • lactase
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14
Q

CHO are divided into ___________ and ____________

A

Polysaccharides and Disaccharides

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15
Q

Polysaccharides are divided into ________, _____________ and _____________

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • Glycogens
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16
Q

The starch polysaccharide is divided into amylose and amylopectin; which one is branched?

A

Amylopectin

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17
Q

Disaccharide Sucrose = __________ + glucose

A

fructose

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18
Q

Glucose + glucose = _____________ Disaccharide

A

maltose

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19
Q

Disaccharide lactose is __________ + glucose

A

galactose

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20
Q

Describe the glucose units bonding in starch

A

Alpha 1-4 linkages

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21
Q

Is amylose unbranched or branched?

A

Unbranched

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22
Q

Describe the glucose units linkage in cellulos

A

Beta 1-4

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23
Q

cellulose is branched or unbranched?

A

Unbranched

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24
Q

Which species do NOT have cellulase, thus they cannot break down cellulose?

A

Most monogastrics

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25
Which polysaccharide is present in the exoskeleton of a lobster shell with a Beta 1-4 linkage?
Chitin
26
The correct term for the branched "animal starch" is ________________
Glycogen
27
What starts starch digestion in the mouth?
Ptyalin
28
_____________ is the how starch is digested in the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
29
When starch is broken down, it is broken down into maltose and __________ (group of glucose polymers)
Dextrins
30
Which disaccharide is used to make glucose?
Maltose through amylase
31
Which cells absorb the monosaccharides?
Enterocyte
32
Which transporters are present in the LUMINAL membrane of the enterocyte?
SGLT-1 (sodium-glucose linked transporter 1) GLUT 5
33
Which transporters are present BASOLATERAL membrane of the enterocyte?
GLUT 2 and 5
34
Which enterocyte transporters are associated with Glucose and galactose?
SGLT 1 and GLUT 2
35
The enterocyte transporter GLUT 5 is associated with what disaccharide ?
Fructose
36
Which basolateral transporter is the only observed in the brush border membrane when there are high glucose concentrations?
GLUT 2
37
Which disaccharide is transported via facilitated diffusion into enterocytes?
Fructose
38
The first enzymatic action for proteins happens in the _____________
stomach
39
___________________ (enzyme) result in tri/di peptides and single AA
Pancreatic proteases
40
Gastric pepsinogen is activated by _________ to pepsin
HCl
41
What does pepsin "attack" ?
Collagen
42
List the pancreatic enzymes
- trypsin - chymotrypsin - carboxypolypeptidase - elastase - elastin fibers
43
In the SI, what are the enzymes called that digest proteins?
Peptidases
44
How are free single AA in enterocytes absorbed?
Co transported with Na
45
Di and tri peptides is by co-transport with which molecule?
H+ ions via PepT1
46
T/F the basolateral membrane have AA transports that are dependent on Na gradients
False
47
What is an exception where intact protein is absorbed?
Antibodies and a foreign food protein (ex:Botox)
48
Any substance of bio relevance composed of CHO insoluble in water is?
Lipids
49
Give an example of a phospholipids
Lecithin
50
___________ hydrolyzes fat
Lipase
51
Fat digestion mainly occurs in the SI of adults by ______________
Pancreas lipase
52
What produces lipase in neonates?
Salivary glands
53
How many Fatty acids are produced in hydrolysis?
2 Free Fatty acids
54
What is the stimulus for bile secretion?
Lipids in the duodenum
55
What is the process through which fat droplets are broken up into micelles?
Emulsication
56
Why are lipids emulsified?
TO present a larger surface area in the duodenum
57
What protein aids in the fat digestion by anchoring the droplets along with pancreatic lipase?
Colipase
58
Free cholesterol is done by the pancreatic enzyme _____________________
Cholesterol ester hydrolase
59
PLA2 hydrolyzes ___________ to yield FFA and lysophosppholipids
Phospholipids
60
What emulsifies fats?
Bile
61
Which chain of fatty acids from the TGs?
Long-chain fatty acids
62
TGs, phospholipids and cholesterol combined with the apoprotein form the _____________ inside the enterocytes
Chylomicrons
63
Chylomicrons are secreted into ________________
central lacteals
64
What removes the Tg content in blood vessels?
Lipoprotein lipase
65
Cholesterol and TGs combine with apoproteins to be secreted into the blood as ____________________ during fasting
Very-low-density- lipoproteins (VLDLs)
66
What can contribute to the development of artherosclerosis?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
67
Which lipoproteins are believed to be a protection against atherosclerosis?
High-density lipoproteins

FF4 Exam 2 (17 decks)

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