Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards
What are some of the nuclei of the HT?
- supraoptic
- Paraventricular
List some functions of the HT
- Temperature regulation
- HR ***
- BP
- hunger
- thirst
- emotion
- sex drives
Where do hormones from the SON and PVN go to?
Posterior pituitary
Medullary centers of the HT regulate?
respiration
What centers of the HT are associated with food intake?
Satiety and Hunger
T/F Stress does not affect the immune system
False, it suppresses it
T/F CNS lesions can affect immune functions
True
What substances can produce changes in neuron firing?
Immunotransmitters (cytokines)
Which immunotransmitter resets the body temp by acting on the HT?
Interleukin 1
The adenohypophysis is the ____________ pituitary
Anterior
What hormones are predominantly secreted by the cells of the adenohypophysis?
Protein hormones
The posterior pituitary is also called:
Neurohypophysis
What type of cells make up the posterior pituitary, which are extensions of the HT?
Hypothalamic neurons
What structure is associated with the neurohypophysis, which suspends the anterior gland from the HT?
Pituitary stalk
A hormone that regulates the function of endocrine glands is termed:
Tropic
List the 4 tropic hormones secreted by the AP
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
GH, PRL, MSH (Melanocyte stim hormone), Beta-endorphin are non tropic hormones released by which structure?
AP
ADH and Oxytocin are secreted by the?
PP
What is the structure that serves as a portal system that connects the HT with the anterior Pituitary Gland?
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
What function depends on the hypothalamus?
Pituitary function
What are the hormones that affect the pituitary to make and secrete hormones?
Hypothalamic releasing hormones (__RH)
Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates ACTH?
Corticotropin RH (CRH)
Thyrotropin RH (TRH) stimulates the secretion of ______ and ______
TSH and PRL
Growth Hormone RH wil stimulate ________ secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
GnRH “LHRH” stimulates the secretion of _______ and _____
FSH and LH
Which hormone associated with the HT inhibits GH secretion?
Somatostatin
Another hormone that stimulates PRL secretion apart from TRH is_____________
PR RH
What hormone inhibits PRL secretion?
PRL Inhibiting hormone (Dopamine)
Hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted in _________ and transduce signals via 2nd messenger systems
pulses
In target cells, what processes do Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate?
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
T/F Hypothalamic releasing hormones regulate their own receptor
True
Which hormone associate with the AP has tropic and non tropic actions?
GH
What are the cell types associated with the hormones of the AP?
- Lactotroph
- Gonadotroph
- Corticotroph
- Thyrotroph
- Somatotroph
The corticotroph will stimulate the hormone that will affect which endocrine gland?
adrenal gland (ACTH)
Somatotroph tissues will stimulate the secretion of GH, with the target organ being?
Liver and other tissues/organs
Which hormone is synthesized by lactotroph tissue and is associated with mammary gland development?
PRL
PRL in amphibian does what?
Delays metamorphosis
In mammals, ___________ acts on neurons in the brain to inhibit hunger.
MSH
The non-tropic hormone associated with the perception of pain is:
Beta-endorphin
MSH and Beta-endorphin are formed by the cleavage of the same precursor protein to?
ACTH
T/F the Posterior pituitary synthesis hormones
False, they are synthesized in the HT
______________ induces the contraction of the uterus and causes milk “let down”
Oxytocin
What type of feedback does oxytocin exhibit?
Positive FB
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin cause what?
Water retention in kidneys
ADH acts via ____________ feedback mechanism
Negative
How many AA make up Oxytocin?
9
What other tissues can secrete Oxytocin?
ovaries and testes
How many AA are different between Oxytocin and ADH?
2/9
Maternal behavior is established by this hormone:
Oxytocin
Oxytocin in males may have what roles?
- Ejaculation
- Facilitate sperm transport
- sexual behavior
What is the most important stimulus for the release of oxytocin?
physical nipple/teat stimulation
What can inhibit oxytocin release?
Catecholamines (acute stress)
T/F Oxytocin is associated with milk synthesis
FALSE
What are 2 clinical applications for Oxytocin?
- milk let down
- obstetrics: induce parturition/uterine conractions
What carrier protein packages ADH ?
Neurophysin
What is the most crucial physiological effect of ADH?
Conserve fluid in body to reduce urine output
List some stimuli that stimulate ADH release
- pain
- trauma
- fear
- anxiety
Cold exposure, conditioned reflex diuresis can do what to ADH release?
Inhibit release
ADH will stimulate water reabsorption by stimulating insertion of?
Water channels/Aquaporins in kidney tubule membranes
ADH can affect arterial pressure by doing what?
Vasoconstricting arterioles (increases Arterial pressure)
What controls ADH?
Plasma Osmolality (concentration of blood solutes)
What sensors in the hypothalamus respond to control ADH?
Osmoreceptors
The most common disease in humans and animals related to ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
How does alcohol affect ADH levels?
It acts on pituitary gland and blocks synthesis of ADH
When the kidneys send water directly to the bladder it is term the_________________
Diuretic effect
Which structure attached to the thalamus secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
The pineal gland can regulate the onset of what in children?
Puberty
Melatonin is a derivative of which AA?
Tryptophan
