Liver + gallbladder

Question 1

Through which bv do nutrient molecules travel to the liver?

Answer 1

Hepatic portal vein

Question 2

The hepatic veins empty into the ___________

Answer 2

Inferior vena cava/Caudal vena cava

Question 3

_______________are aligned radially to form the liver plate with the sinusoids.

Answer 3

hepatocytes

Question 4

Where does the portal veins and hepatic artery terminate?

Answer 4

In the liver sinusoids

Question 5

What lines the sinusoids in the liver?

Answer 5

Fenestrated endothelial cells and Kupffer cells

Question 6

The space between the liver plate and the sinusoid is the _________________ that contains the ECM and stellate cells

Answer 6

Space of Disse

Question 7

List some liver functions

Answer 7

• detox
• Cholesterol prod
• blood sugar balance
• bile production ***
• immune function
• metabolism
• protein synthesis

Question 8

What hepatic cells produce bile ?

Answer 8

Hepatocytes

Question 9

Bile is composed of 5 constituents: salt, ____________ (pigment), cholesterol, FA, Phospholipids and inorganic ions

Answer 9

Bilirubin

Question 10

What are bile acids derived from?

Answer 10

Cholesterol

Question 11

What are the 2 principal bile acids in humans?

Answer 11

Cholic and deoxycholic acid

Question 12

What do the bile acids combine with to form the bile salts?

Answer 12

Glycine or taurine

Question 13

Bile will form aggregates called ____________ to emulsify fat

Answer 13

micelles

Question 14

What can cause an obstruction in the bile secretion pathway?

Answer 14

Gallbladder stones

Question 15

Some causes of gallstones can be:

Answer 15

-too much water or acid absorption from bile
- inflammation

Question 16

What hormone causes the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile?

Answer 16

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 17

List the components of enterohepatic circulation

Answer 17

• liver
• biliary tract
• GB
• SI
• Portal venous circulation

Question 18

What is the method used to measure the bilirubin metabolism (liver damage)?

Answer 18

Van den Bergh

Question 19

When bilirubin is bounded to albumin in blood, it is termed____________ bilirubin

Answer 19

unconjugated/indirect

Question 20

bilirubin + glucorinic acid in the liver =

Answer 20

direct/conjugated bilirubin

Question 21

What is the precursor to unconjugated bilirubin?

Answer 21

Biliverdin

Question 22

Where does heme get broken down into bilirubin?

Answer 22

Macrophages

Question 23

After conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the intestine, the acid is removed and then the bilirubin is converted into?

Answer 23

urobilinogen

Question 24

In the kidney, urobilinogen is converted into _________________ and excreted.

Answer 24

Yellow urobilin

Question 25

urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria to the brown _______________

Answer 25

Sternocobilin

Question 26

Bilirubin is the major end product of _______________ degradation

Answer 26

Hemoglobin

Question 27

If bilirubin is elevated in blood, what are pathologies associated with that?

Answer 27

Hemolytic vs liver dz biliary obstructions vs hepatic damage

Question 28

Excessive hemolysis means there is an elevation in what type of bilirubin?

Answer 28

Unconjugated

Question 29

With hepatic damage or biliary obstruction, you will find elevated ____________ bilirubin

Answer 29

Conjugated

Question 30

Which 2 enzymes are elevated in hepatic damage?

Answer 30

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

Question 31

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and GGT (gamma glutamic transpeptidase) are elevated in what pathology?

Answer 31

Biliary damage