Liver + gallbladder Flashcards
Through which bv do nutrient molecules travel to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
The hepatic veins empty into the ___________
Inferior vena cava/Caudal vena cava
_______________are aligned radially to form the liver plate with the sinusoids.
hepatocytes
Where does the portal veins and hepatic artery terminate?
In the liver sinusoids
What lines the sinusoids in the liver?
Fenestrated endothelial cells and Kupffer cells
The space between the liver plate and the sinusoid is the _________________ that contains the ECM and stellate cells
Space of Disse
List some liver functions
- detox
- Cholesterol prod
- blood sugar balance
- bile production ***
- immune function
- metabolism
- protein synthesis
What hepatic cells produce bile ?
Hepatocytes
Bile is composed of 5 constituents: salt, ____________ (pigment), cholesterol, FA, Phospholipids and inorganic ions
Bilirubin
What are bile acids derived from?
Cholesterol
What are the 2 principal bile acids in humans?
Cholic and deoxycholic acid
What do the bile acids combine with to form the bile salts?
Glycine or taurine
Bile will form aggregates called ____________ to emulsify fat
micelles
What can cause an obstruction in the bile secretion pathway?
Gallbladder stones
Some causes of gallstones can be:
-too much water or acid absorption from bile
- inflammation
What hormone causes the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
List the components of enterohepatic circulation
- liver
- biliary tract
- GB
- SI
- Portal venous circulation
What is the method used to measure the bilirubin metabolism (liver damage)?
Van den Bergh
When bilirubin is bounded to albumin in blood, it is termed____________ bilirubin
unconjugated/indirect
bilirubin + glucorinic acid in the liver =
direct/conjugated bilirubin
What is the precursor to unconjugated bilirubin?
Biliverdin
Where does heme get broken down into bilirubin?
Macrophages
After conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the intestine, the acid is removed and then the bilirubin is converted into?
urobilinogen
In the kidney, urobilinogen is converted into _________________ and excreted.
Yellow urobilin
urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria to the brown _______________
Sternocobilin
Bilirubin is the major end product of _______________ degradation
Hemoglobin
If bilirubin is elevated in blood, what are pathologies associated with that?
Hemolytic vs liver dz
biliary obstructions vs hepatic damage
Excessive hemolysis means there is an elevation in what type of bilirubin?
Unconjugated
With hepatic damage or biliary obstruction, you will find elevated ____________ bilirubin
Conjugated
Which 2 enzymes are elevated in hepatic damage?
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and GGT (gamma glutamic transpeptidase) are elevated in what pathology?
Biliary damage
