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FF4 Exam 2 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Control systems to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

How is the endocrine system regulated?

A

Through a feedback system

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3
Q

What is the basis of the sensitivity of the endocrine system?

A

Amplification of a signal

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4
Q

Amplification of the signal is described as?

A

A small amount of hormone can produce a major biological effet

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5
Q

T/F can hormones influence the initiation of a new reaction

A

False- they can only influence the rate of EXISTING reactions

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6
Q

Can an enzyme be present in the absence of the hormone influencing its reaction?

A

yes, in basal levels

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7
Q

What are the ductless glands that secrete the products into the blood stream directly?

A

Endocrine glands

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8
Q

The exocrine glands release products into ducts that lead where?

A

Lumen of other organs

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9
Q

How do paracrine glands act?

A

By diffusing the chemical message through interstitial fluid to influence adjacent cells

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10
Q

Give an example of an exocrine gland

A

Mammary gland
salivary gland
sweat glands

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11
Q

Histamine and Cytokines are chemical messengers associated with which glands?

A

Paracrine glands

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12
Q

The __________ effect is when a messenger acts on the cell of its own origin to produce an effect on itself.

A

Autocrine

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13
Q

An example of a substance with an autocrine effect is:

A

Insulin-Like Growth Factor

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14
Q

Which hormone has a paracrine and an autocrine effect?

A

Growth hormone

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15
Q

T/F many cell types in endocrine gland tissues can make hormones

A

False, only one cell type will make the hormones

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16
Q

What is the exception of an endocrine gland that only secretes one hormone?

A

Parathyroid gland

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17
Q

What body system interacts with the endocrine system to produce the physiological effect?

A

Nervous system

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18
Q

Neurohormones are derived from?

A

Nerve cells

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19
Q

The chemical messengers released from the synapse between the nerve and the effector cell is the _____________

A

Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

List some major endocrine glands

A
  • HT
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
  • Pineal
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21
Q

Define hormone

A

Chemicals produced by endocrine organs transported by the vascular system to produce an effect on another tissue

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22
Q

Hormones exist in a biological ____________ state

A

Active

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23
Q

List the 3 classification of hormones based on composition

A
  • Protein
  • Steroids
  • Gaseous
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24
Q

Protein hormones are subdivided into ___________ and __________

A

Peptide and Amino acid derivatives

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25
Dopamine, melatonin and epinephrine are ______________ protein hormones (subdivision)
Amino acid
26
List the classification of hormones based on solubility
Water soluble and Lipid soluble
27
Which type of soluble hormones are the catecholamines (protein hormones)? An example are Epi and NE
Water soluble hormones
28
Lipid-soluble hormones, like _______________ and ___________, will go into the cells since their receptor can be in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus
Steroid hormones and Thyroid hormone
29
Prehormones are protein hormones synthesized in which part of the cells?
Ribosomes
30
Prohormones are when the prehormones go through what?
Cleavage by the rER
31
Where do prohormones go to form active hormones?
Golgi apparatus
32
Where are steroid hormones synthesized?
LIver
33
T/F Steroid hormones are stored before being released.
False, they are released as they are synthesized
34
What two ways are hormones released?
Regulated and contstituive
35
Which type of secretion are protein hormones released?
Regulated - released in bursts when stimulated
36
When the cell does not store hormones and they are secreted through secretory vesicles it is ______________ secretion.
Constitutive
37
Which hormone is the ecxeption to the secretion rule?
Thyroid hormone
38
Why are the (protein) thyroid hormones the exception to the secretion type rule?
Their receptors are intracellular (in nucleus)
39
Steroid hormones are made from which 2 tissues:
Gonads and adrenal glands
40
Androgens, estrogen and progestins are example of which type of steroid hormones?
Sex steroids
41
Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids are made in the ______________
adrenal glands
42
Give an example of a mineralcorticoid:
Aldosterone
43
Steroid hormones are derived from what substance?
Cholesterol
44
What type of enzymes are required for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones?
Oxidative enzymes
45
What is the 1st limiting step in the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
46
T/F Pregnenolone is a hormone
False
47
CYP11A1 is the enzyme that converts cholesterol into pregnenolone where in the cell?
Mitochondria
48
What type of solubility do steroid hormones are classified as?
Lipid-soluble
49
Where do steroid hormones bind in low affinity for transport ?
Plasma proteins
50
How are steroid hormones eliminated?
By inactivating metabolic transformations or through excretion
51
Peptide hormones are (hydrophilic/hydrophobid)
hydrophilic
52
Where are the receptors for protein hormones?
In the cell surface
53
Which type of hormone has a shorter half life?
Peptide hormones
54
Which feedback system most commonly controls hormone secretion?
Negative
55
What is the controlled variable of hormone control?
Degree of activity of the target tissue
56
Synthesis, processing, and releasing of hormones require which two steps of the nuclear gene code?
Gene transcription and translation
57
Which hormones are an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
LH and Oxytocin
58
Cyclic variations of hormone secretion can be regulated by which factors?
- season - stage of development - aging - day cycle - sleep
58
How are water-soluble hormones transported?
Dissolved in plasma
59
Steroid and Thyroid hormones are transported how?
Bound to plasma proteins and biologically inactive
60
Define a hormone-receptor interaction
protein binds a ligand with high affinity but low capacity
61
How can a tissue be a target for a hormone?
It expresses the specific receptor for it
62
What defines the hormone-receptor interaction?
Equilibrium constant "Kd"; Dissociation
63
List where hormone receptors can be found
- cell membrane - cytoplasm - nucleus
64
T/F the number of hormone receptors remains constant
False
65
Water-soluble hormone receptors are found in:
Cell membrane surface
66
Lipid-soluble receptors are found in:
Nucleus or cytoplasm
67
Which type of receptors are usually coupled with second messenger systems?
Water-soluble
68
What is the 1st step of a hormone action?
Binding to the receptor
69
A molecule that binds the receptor and induces the cascade of reactions is an _______________
agonist
70
The molecule that binds to the receptor and BLOCKS the binding of the agonist without triggering the intracellular signaling events is the:
antagonist
71
Describe how receptor occupancy is associated with the maximum biological response
The response can be achieved with an average of <3% occupancy
72
If the cell has more receptors, is it more or less sensitive to the hormone?
More sensitive
73
The hormone response element is when a receptor complex (promoter) binds to what?
Sequence of DNA to initiate gene transcription and mRNA formation
74
Intracellular signaling occurs with the formation of a?
Hormone-receptor complex
75
Are the lipid-soluble hormone responses usually slow or fast?
slow, because they require gene transcription to evoke a response
76
What can limit the metabolism of a hormone?
Hormone activity
77
Metabolic degradation of a hormone occurs via an ______________ process, such as proteolysis, oxidation, reduction, etc.
enzymatic
78
The liver metabolizes which type of hormones through reduction?
Steroid hormones
79
Metabolism of _____________ hormones through the removal of iodine molecules.
Thyroid
80
Hormones that conjugate to water-soluble molecules can yield what substances?
Glucoronides and sulfates
81
What cleaves protein hormones?
Peptidases
82
How are hormones measured?
- bioassays - Chemical methods - Immunoassays
83
What can be the causes of endocrine disorders?
- hormone deficiency, excess, or resistance
84
Which hormone deficiency does NOT cause disease?
Calcitonin deficiency
85
T/F a hormone excess may be due to a non-endocrine tissue secreting the hormone
true

FF4 Exam 2 (17 decks)

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