Endocrine Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans Flashcards
What are the normal blood glucose levels in healthy dogs?
80-120 mg/dl
What is the only nutrient that can be used by cells in the brain, retina and gonads?
Glucose
Hypoglycemia is _________ glucose
low
Hyperglycemia is ______ glucose and will induce cell toxicity
high
What keeps blood glucose from dropping too low?
Glucagon
What is produced to keep blood glucose from rising to high?
Insulin
What are the units in the pancreas that produce hormones?
Islets of Langerhans
Which cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
Which cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin?
Beta
Delta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce _______________
Somatostatin and other cells
Hyperglycemia will induce production of ________________
insulin
Hypoglycemia will induce ___________ produciton
glucagon
Insulin will stimulate what process in the liver?
Glycogenesis and glucose uptake
Glucagon will induce _____________ and glycogenolysis in the liver to help release glucose.
Gluconeogenesis
Insulin is anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
Insulin promotes absorption of ___________
glucose
Glucose will be converted into what two things when absorbed?
Glycogen or fats
Which organ can perform both glycogenesis and lipogenesis ?
Liver
What can inhibit glucose production and secretion?
High insulin concentrations in blood
Insulin secretion is stimulated by?
Hyperglycemia
Which GI hormones will stimulate insulin secretion?
GIP and GLP-1
An amino acid that will stimulate insulin secretion :
Arginine
The 3 main insulin target cells are:
- hepatocytes
- adipocytes
- skeletal muscle cells
Insulin will stimulate ___________ translocation from intracellular vesicles to the membrane to increase glucose uptake
GLUT4
The only insulin-dependent glucose transporter is:
GLUT4
GLUT 1-3 and 5 are insulin ______________
independent
When referring to insulin effect on carbohydrate metabolism, it is termed the _______________ hormone
Glucose-depositing
Which enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism will induce cellular glucose trapping?
Glucokinase
Insulin in lipid metabolism will induce?
Lipid synthesis and lipolysis
Insulin in protein metabolism will induce uptake of?
amino acids
Sweating, weakness, hunger, headaches, coma, etc can be signs seen in ?
Insulin overdose
Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
The primary target tissue of glucagon is:
Liver
What is the most potent secretory glucagon stimulus?
Hypoglycemia
Glucagon is the _________________ hormone
Glucose-mobilizing
In a fasting state, _________ directs movement of stored nutrients into the blood.
Glucagon
When the blood glucose is too high, the disease is?
Diabetes
Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, depression and fatigue are signs of?
Diabetes
Which diabetes is insulin dependent?
Type 1
What can trigger Type 1 diabetes?
Viral infection (coxsackievirus)
Autoimmune disease and destruction of B-cells will be associated with which diabetes?
Type 1
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by?
insulin resistance
Obesity is a sign of what diabetes?
Type 2
Non-insulin dependent diabetes is type ___
2
Obesity, Cushing’s, Acromegaly (excess GH), pregnancy, are all causes of?
Insulin resistance
