Parasitology (Trematodes) Flashcards by PATRICIA ONG

Commonly referred as flukes/flatworms

Trematodes

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Blood flukes:

Genus Schistosoma

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Hosts for Trematodes

Definitive: Man
Intermediate: Snails

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Infective stage of blood flukes

Forked tailed cercaria

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larva that has mouth, GIT and tail (fork tailed)

Cercaria

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MOT for blood flukes

Skin penetration

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General characteristics of Blood flukes

Non- hermaphroditic/Dioecious (sexes are separate)

Adult worm is not leaf like, have oral and ventral suckers

Male: short and robust
Female: longer and slender

Eggs are non-operculated

Require only one intermediate and one definitive host

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Male worms are provided with ______ to carry female during copulation

gynecophoric canal

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Largest Adult Blood Fluke

Schistosoma japonicum

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Smallest Adult Blood Fluke

S. mansoni

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Appearance:

Integument is with fine tuberculation

S. haematobium
S. japonicum

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Appearance:

Integument is rough, and with coarse tuberculation

S. mansoni

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Habitat for S. japonicum

Superior mesenteric veins

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Habitat for S. mansoni

Inferior mesenteric veins or veins draining rectum

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Habitat of S. haematobium

Vesical veins or veins draining the urinary bladder

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Blood flukes detected in stool

S. mansoni
S. japonicum

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Blood fluke detected in urine

S. haematobium

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No. of testes in males of S. japonicum

6-8

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No. of testes in S. mansoni

8-9

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No. in testes of S. japonicum

4-5

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No. of eggs in uterus of S. haematobium

50-100

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No. of eggs in S. mansoni

1-4

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No. of eggs in S. haematobium

20-30

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Intermediate host:

Bulinus, Physopsis

S. haematobium

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Intermediate host: Biomphalaria, Planorbis and Tropicorbis

S. mansoni

Intermediate host: Oncomelania quadrasi

S. japonicum

Eggs: Non-operculated with distinct terminal spine Measures 112-170 x 40-70 um

S. haematobium

Eggs: Non-operculated egg with distinct lateral spine Measures 45-70 x 140 - 180 um

S. mansoni

Eggs: Non-operculated, minute lateral spine. Tissue or red cells. Size:70 - 105 x 50 -80 um

S. japonicum

Life cycle of Blood Flukes

Eggs → Miracidium → Sporocyst → Circarium → Adult

sac-like larva developed from miracidium

sporocysts

larva equipped with a mouth and GIT; forked tail

Cercaria

Lung, Liver, and Intestinal Flukes general characteristics

Hermaphroditic or monoecious (combined sexes) Adult with leaf like body and non-segmented body With oral and ventral suckers Eggs are operculated

Infective stage of Lung, Liver, and Intestinal Lung Fluke

Metacercaria

MOT of Lung, Liver, and Intestinal Flukes

Ingestion

Hosts for Lung, Liver, and Intestinal Flukes

1st intermediate host: Snails 2nd intermediate host: Varies

Developmental stages of hermaphroditic flukes

Operculated egg → miracidium → sporocyst → rediae → cercaria → metacercaria → adult

larva released from the egg when hatched

Miracidium

Found in 1st intermediate host

Redia Cercaria

larva developed from sporocyst, absent in schistosoma

Redia

larva developed from redia

Cercaria

Found in the 2nd intermediate host of hermaphroditic flukes

Metacercaria

1st intermediate host (snails): Brotia asperata

P. westermani

1st intermediate host (snails): Lymnea philippinensis

Fasciola hepatica

1st intermediate host (snails): Segmentina spp. Hippeutis spp

Fasciolopsis buski

1st intermediate host (snails): Alocinma spp. Bulimus spp. Parafossarulus spp.

Clonorchis sinensis

1st intermediate host (snails): Bithynia spp.

Opistorchis felineus

1st intermediate host (snails): Gyralus convexiusculus Hippeutis umbicalis

Echinostoma ilocanum

1st intermediate host (snails): Pirenella spp. Cerithidea spp

Heterophyes heterophyes

1st intermediate host (snails): Semisulcospira spp. Thiara spp. Hua spp.

M. yokogawai

2nd intermediate host: Fresh mountain crabs Sundathelpusa spp., Parathelpusa spp

P. westermani

2nd intermediate host: Watercress (Nasturtium officiale)

F. hepatica

2nd intermediate host: Kangkong (Ipomea obscura) Fresh water vegeration; edible water plants

F. hepatica

2nd intermediate host: Water caltrop (Trapa) Water (Eliocharis) Bamboo shoots (Zizania)

F. buski

2nd intermediate host: Cyprinoid Fishes

Clonorchis sinensis Opistorchis felineus

2nd intermediate host: Kuhol (Pila luzonica) Susong pampang (Vivipara angularis)

Echinostoma ilocanum

2nd intermediate host: Fishes (Mugil-balanak, Tilapia, and Arius manilensis - kanduli)

H. heterophyes

2nd intermediate host: Salmonoid fishes (Plecoglossus and Salmon) Cyprinoid fishes (Richardsonium)

M. yokogawai

Adult worm appearance: Coffee bean

P. westermani

Adult worm appearance: Cephalic cone (appears to have shoulders) Branched testes, ovaries, and intestinal ceca

F. hepatica

Adult worm appearance: Appears like F. hepatica but no cephalic cone Intestinal ceca is unbranced

F. buski

Adult worm appearance: Equipped with 3rd genital sucker/gonotyl

H. heterophyes

Adult worm appearance: Closely resembles H. heterophyes; slightly larger and no genital sucker

M. yokogawai

Adult worm appearance: Equipped with an oral sucker with spines called “circum-oral disk with spines)

E. ilocanum

Egg morphology: Flat operculum (opening like) Opposite the operculum: abopercular shell thickening Resembles D. latum

P. westermani

Egg morphology: broadly ovoidal with wide operculum opposite the operculum is abopercular knob (median protuberance)

Clonorchis sinensis

Egg morphology: Closely resembles clonorchis but is elongately ovoidal with tapering ends

Opistorchis felineus

Egg morphology: Thick shelled light brown eggs containing developed miracidium Distinct operculum and similar with those of clonorchis but no abopercular knob

H. heterophyes

Egg morphology: Thin shelled light yellow egg contains developed miracidium

M. yokogawai

Egg morphology: Large ovoidal, yellowish brown that contains underdeveloped miracidium

F. hepatica

Egg morphology: Large operculated eggs, indistinguishable from fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica Eggs are yellowish and ellipsoidal, with clear thin shell and small operculum. Egg contains underdeveloped miracidium

F. buski

Egg morphology: Straw colored, operculated ovoid eggs

E. ilocanum

Egg measurement: 83-116 x 58-69 um

E. ilocanum

Egg measurement: 130 - 140 x 80 - 85 um

F. buski

Egg measurement: 27 x 16 um

M. yokogawai

Egg measurement: 26-30 x 150-17 um

H. heterophyes

Egg measurement: 30 x 11 um

O. felineus

Egg measurement: 20-120 um x 50-60 um

P. westermani