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MTAP 1 FINALS > PARA (Book) > Flashcards

PARA (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

Documented in Egyptian and Chinese writing in 2700 BC.

A

Plasmodium spp.

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2
Q

is the major species associated with deadly infections through- out the world

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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3
Q

cause 95% of infections of plawmodium

A

P. vivax and P. falciparum

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4
Q

Responsible for 80% of the remaining
infections.

A

P. vivax

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5
Q

Malaria parasite of long-tailed macaque monkey.

A

P. knowlesi

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6
Q

Distribution:

Tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones

A

P. vivax

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7
Q

Distribution:

Tropics

A

P. falciparum

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8
Q

Distribution:

Sporadically distributed

A

P. malariae

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9
Q

Distribution:

Central West Africa and some South Pacific Islands

Limited to tropical Africa, the Middle East, Papua New
Guinea, and Irian Jaya in Indonesia

A

P. ovale

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10
Q

Distribution:

Malaysian Borneo, Thailand, Myanmar, and Philippines

A

P. knowlesi

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11
Q

Cycle:

Female Anopheles mosquito (vector) w/ sporozoites in
salivary glands is discharged into the punctured wound.

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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12
Q

Cycle:

Within 1 hour the sporozoites carried by the blood to the liver
will penetrate hepatocytes

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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13
Q

Cycle:

Initiating the pre-erythrocytic or primary exoerythrocytic cycle

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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14
Q

Cycle:

Sporozoites become round or oval and divide.

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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15
Q

Cycle:

Schizogony results in large numbers of exo-erythrocytic
merozoites

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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16
Q

Cycle:

Merozoites leave the liver and invade the RBC

A

Pre-Erythrocytic cycle

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17
Q

Species in which dormant schizogony may occur
which remain quiescent in the liver.

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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18
Q

Called resting stages are known ___________ and
lead to a true relapse often within 1 year or up to
more than 5 years later

A

hypnozoites

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19
Q

RBCs and reticulocytes have been invaded, the parasites
grow and feed on _______

A

hemoglobin

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20
Q

Cycle:

Within the RBC, the merozoite (or young
trophozoite) is vacuolated, ring-shaped, more or
less amoeboid, and uninucleate

A

ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE

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21
Q

Once the nucleus begins to divide, the trophozoite is called a
developing

A

Schizont

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22
Q

The mature schizont contains _______ (the number
depends on the species), which are released into the
bloodstream

A

merozoites

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23
Q

Cycle:

Merozoites are destroyed by the immune system. Others
invade RBCs and initiate a new cycle of erythrocytic
schizogony

A

ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE

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24
Q

After several erythrocytic generations, some of the merozoites
begin to undergo development into the

A

Gametocytes

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25
Q

Plasmodium spp. stages:

A

Sporozoites →Merozoites (Schizogony) OR Hypnozoites
(Ovale and Vivax only) → Young trophozoites → Merozoites
(Schizogony) → RBC burst → [Repeat RBC invasion] →
Gametocytes

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26
Q

Benign tertian malaria

A

PLASMODIUM VIVAX

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27
Q

Infects only the reticulocytes thus parasitemia is limited.

A

P. vivax

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28
Q

Limited to 2-5% available RBCs.

A

P. vivax

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29
Q

Splenomegaly occurs during the _______ weeks of infection.

P. vivax

A

First

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30
Q

P. vivax second dormant schizogony occurs in ____

A

liver (hypnozoites)

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31
Q

50% of patients infected may relapse after weeks, months, or >5
years.

A

P. vivax

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32
Q

Morphology:

Enlarged young RBCs with Schuffner dots (James
stippling) — Small, round, red granulations

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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33
Q

Developing rings are ______ in P. vivax

A

amoeboid

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34
Q

P. vivax mature schizont has

A

12-24 merozoites

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35
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Headache, photophobia, muscle aches, anorexia, nausea, and
sometimes vomiting.

A

P. vivax

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36
Q

Death and coma to px with primaquine resistance

A

P. vivax

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37
Q

changes mental status and if untreated may result in fatality within 3 days

A

Acute cerebral malaria

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38
Q

Similar P. vivax but less severe

A

P. ovale

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39
Q

Tends to relapse less but may occur after weeks, months or >1 year

A

P. ovale

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40
Q

Developing rings are less amoeboid than those of P. vivax

A

P. ovale

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41
Q

Mature schizont of P. ovale __ merozoites

A

8

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42
Q

Human infections with ________ are associated with a
higher level of parasitemia

A

variant-type P. ovale

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43
Q

Incubation period of P. malariae ranges from ____ (longer than ovale and
vivax).

A

27-40 days

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44
Q

A regular periodicity is seen from the beginning, with a more severe
paroxysm:

Cold stage — Longer stage.

Hot stage — More severe sx.

Sweating stage — Collapse is common

A

P. malariae

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45
Q

Spontaneous recovery may occur or recrudescence (recurrence of sx).

A

P. malariae

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46
Q

Morphology:

RBCs may have fimbriated edges

Developing rings tend to demonstrate “band” forms.

Mature schizont contains an average of 6-12 merozoites

A

P. malariae

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47
Q

P. malariae contains an average of ____ merozoites

A

6-12

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48
Q

_____ is common and the infection may be associated with
nephrotic syndrome in P. malariae

A

Proteinuria

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49
Q

P. falciparum other term

A

Malignant Tertian Malaria

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50
Q

Schizogony occurs in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow rather than in the circulating blood

A

P. falciparum

51
Q

Causes cytoadherence (feature in severe malaria)

A

P. falciparum

52
Q

Morphology:

The RBCs are all sizes.
NO true stippling
Maurer dots may be present.
Multiple rings are present (delicate w/ 2 dots of chromatin)
Gametocytes are crescent shaped

A

P. falciparum

53
Q

Ring forms identified within the marginal regions of the erythrocytes of P. falciparum are called

A

Accole or applique forms

54
Q

Onset of P. falciparum ___ after infection

A

8-12

55
Q

complication causing red blood cell lysis, hemoglobin release, discoloration

A

Blackwater fever

56
Q

Rare complication with high parasitemia, pulmonary edema, anemia, cerebral and renal complications

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

57
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi other term

A

SIMIAN MALARIA, THE FIFTH HUMAN MALARIA

58
Q

Invades all ages of RBCs, with a higher number of infected cells compared to P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.

A

P. knowlesi

59
Q

Early blood stages of P. knowlesi resemble

A

P. falciparum

60
Q

Mature blood stages of P. knowlesi and gametocytes resemble

A

P. malariae

61
Q

Morphology:

RBCs of all sizes
Absence of true stippling
Multiple rings per RBC and delicate rings with 2-3 dots of chromatin
Band forms with developing trophozoites
Mature schizont with 16 merozoites

A

P. knowlesi

62
Q

Characteristics:

48-hour cycle
Tends to infect young cells
Enlarged RBCs
Schüffner dots (true stippling) after
8-10 hours
Delicate ring
Very amoeboid trophozoite
Mature schizont contains
12-24 merozoites

A

P. vivax

63
Q

Characteristics:

72-hour cycle (long incubation period)
Tends to infect old cells
Normal size RBCs
No stippling
Thick ring, large nucleus
Trophozoite tends to
form “bands” across
the cell
Mature schizont contains 6-12 merozoites

A

P. malariae

64
Q

Characteristics:

48-hour cycle
Tends to infect young cells
Enlarged RBCs with fimbriated edges (oval)
Schüffner dots appear in the beginning
(In RBCs with very young ring forms, in contrast to P. vivax)
Smaller ring than P vivax
Trophozoite less amoeboid than that of p. vivax
Mature schizont contains an average of 8 merozoites

A

P. ovale

65
Q

36-48—hour cycle
Tends to infect any cell regardless of age, thus may heavy infection may result
All sizes of RBCs
No Schüffner dots (Maurer dots: may be larger, single dots, bluish)
Multiple rings/cell (only young rings, gametocytes, and occasional mature schizonts are seen in peripheral blood)
Delicate rings, may have two dots of chromatin/ring, appliqué or accolé forms
Crescent-shaped gametocytes

A

P. falciparum

66
Q

24-hour cycle
Tends to infect any cell regardless of age; thus very heavy infection may result
All sizes of RBCs, but most tend to be normal size
No Schüffner dots (faint, clumpy dots later in cycle)
Multiple rings/cell (may have 2 to 3)
Delicate rings, may have 2 or 3 dots of chromatin/ring, appliqué forms
Band form trophozoites commonly seen
Mature schizont contains 16 merozoites, no rosettes
Gametocytes round, tend to fill the cell
Early stages mimic P. falciparum; later
stages mimic P. malariae

A

P. knowlesi

67
Q

Stain recommended for parasitic blood work, but other stains like Wright’s, Wright-Giemsa, or Rapid Field stain can also be used

A

Giemsa Stain

68
Q

________ and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) method can be used for rapid screening and detection of malaria organisms.

A

Fluorescent nucleic acid stains

69
Q

________ preferred for thin- and thick-smear microscopic films; proper blood-anticoagulant ratio is crucial.

A

Blood collected with EDTA

70
Q

Rapid malaria tests (RMTs) use monoclonal antibodies against ________ or _________, or detect species-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH).

A

histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) or Plasmodium aldolase

71
Q

Gold standard for malaria diagnosis remains the examination of _____________ due to sensitivity limitations in patients with low parasitemia

A

thick and thin blood films

72
Q

The number of white blood cells per microliter of blood is compared to the number of organisms

Result reporting:

A

In thick film quantitation

73
Q

Parasitemia is reported as the percentage of infected red blood cells in total erythrocytes, excluding extracellular parasites

Result reporting:

A

Thin smear quantitation

74
Q

Kills tissue schizonts

A

Tissue schizonticides

75
Q

Kills blood schizonts

A

Blood schizonticides

76
Q

Kills gametocytes

A

Gametocytocides

77
Q

Prevent the formation of sporozoites within the mosquito

A

Sporonticides

78
Q

_____ widespread except in Central America and the Caribbean.

A

Artemisinin combination therapy

79
Q

The cause of most human infections in the United States (5%). Occur in non splenectomized individuals and are relatively mild.

A

B. microti

80
Q

Washington, Oregon, and California.
Tend to be more serious and mimics B. divergens.

A

B. duncani and alike organism

81
Q

Common in Europe (40%) and is often found in splenectomized patients, and causes a more serious form of the disease.

A

B. divergens

82
Q

Similar to Plasmodium spp. but without an exoerythrocytic stage.

A

Babesia

83
Q

Babesia in RBC, trophozoites reproduce by _______ rather than schizogony

A

Binary fission

84
Q

Diagnostic tetrads seen in babesia

A

Maltese cross

85
Q

Mild causes of B. microti is treated with:

A

Clindamycin
Quinine
Atovaquone
Azithromycin

86
Q

Hemoflagellate protozoa that live in the blood and tissue of the human host

A

Trypanosoma spp.

87
Q

primary area of endemic infection with T. brucei gambiense (West African trypanosomiasis) coincides with the vector _______ belt through the heart of Africa

A

tsetse fly

88
Q

300,000 to 500,000 people may be infected in Western and Central

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

89
Q

East African

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

90
Q

Organism:
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

East African

91
Q

Vector of East African Trypanosomiasis

A

Tsetse fly
Glossina morsitans group

92
Q

Animals are the primary reservoirs

A

East African Trypanosomiasis

93
Q

Acute (early CNS invasion)

A

East African Trypanosomiasis

94
Q

Epidemiology:
Anthropozoonosis
Game parks

A

East African Trypanosomiasis

95
Q

Recommended Specimen for East and West African Trypanosomiasis

A

Chancre aspirate
Lymph node aspirate Blood
CSF

96
Q

Diagnostic stage of trypanosomiasis

A

Trypomastigote

97
Q

Multiplication of trypanosome takes place in

A

salivary glands

98
Q

Trypanosome:

Granular cytoplasm stains

A

Pale blue

99
Q

Trypanosome:

Centrally located nucleus
Kinetoplast stains

A

Reddish

100
Q

Organism for West African Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

101
Q

Vector of West African Trypanosomiasis

A

Tsetse fly
Glossina palpalis group

102
Q

Primary reservoir for West African Trypanosomiasis

A

Humans

103
Q

Illness:

Chronic
(late CNS invasion)
months to years

A

West African Trypanosomiasis

104
Q

Epidemiology:

Anthroponosis
Rural populations

A

West African Trypanosomiasis

105
Q

Long, mild, chronic course that ends in death with central nervous system invovlement after years

A

West African Sleeping Sickness

106
Q

Short coarse and ends fatally within 1 year

More rapid, fulminating disease than does T. brucei gambiense

A

East African Sleeping Sickness

107
Q

toxic trivalent arsenic derivative, for blood and CNS stages but not recommended for treatment of late sleeping sickness

A

Melasporol

108
Q

used for more than 10 years for melarsoprolresistant T. brucei gambiense infection with or without CNS involvement

A

Eflornithine (dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine; DFMO)

109
Q

zoonosis occuring throughout the American continent and involves reduviid bugs/ kissing bugs (vectors)

A

Chaga’s disease

110
Q

Causative organism for american trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma rangeli

111
Q

Primary reservior of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Opossums
Dogs
Cats
Wild rodents

112
Q

Primary reservoir of T. rangeli

A

wild rodents

113
Q

Recommended specimen for T. cruzi

A

Blood
Lymph node aspirate
Chagoma

114
Q

Specimen for Trypanosoma rangeli

A

Blood

115
Q

ingested by the reduviid bug (triatomids, kissing bugs, or conenose bugs) as it obtains a blood meal.

A

Trypomastagotes

116
Q

Trypomastagotes transform into

A

epimastagote

117
Q

Epimastagote multiplies in

A

bug’s midgut (posterior

118
Q

“most neglected diseases” – based on its association with poverty and on the limited resources

A

Leishmaniasis

119
Q

2nd in mortality and 4th in morbidity among all tropical diseases

A

Leishmaniasis

120
Q

An intracellular parasite in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system

Oval-shaped

Measures 1.5 to 5 um

Contains nucleus and kinetoplast

A

AMASTIGOTE

121
Q

As the vector takes a blood meal, promastigotes are introduced into the human host.

Parasites move from the bite site to the organs within the reticuloendothelial system (bone marrow, spleen, liver) or to the macrophages of the skin or mucous membrane

A

Promastigote

122
Q

Untreated primary lesions may develop into the mucocutaneous form in up to 80% of the cases.

Dissemination to the nasal or oral mucosa may occur from the active primary lesion or may occur years later after the original lesion has healed.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmania

123
Q

Incubation period of visceral leishmaniasis

A

10 days -2 years (2-4 months)

MTAP 1 FINALS (16 decks)

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