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MTAP 1 FINALS > AUBF Macroscopic Urine Examination > Flashcards

AUBF Macroscopic Urine Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Gives yellow color of urine (Thudichum)

A

Urochrome

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2
Q

most evident in refrigerated, precipitation of amorphous urates, produces pink color to the sediment. (acidic)

A

Uroerythrin

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3
Q

oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin

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4
Q

Urine color:

oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

Problems in enzymatic steps (heme synthesis): porphyrias

A

Red/Port Wine color

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5
Q

oxidation of melanogen (colorless pigment) to melanin - produce in excess

A

Melanoma

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6
Q

homogentisic acid (metabolite phenylalanine) - imparts a black color to alkaline urine from person with inborn metabolism

A

Alkaptonuria

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7
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation:
Random urine specimen

Cause: Recent fluid consumption

A

Colorless

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8
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation: Increased 24 hour volume and low specific gravity

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result

Recent fluid consumption

A

Pale yellow

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9
Q

Causes:

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

Diabetes mellitus

Dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

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10
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation:

May be normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning specimen

Fever or bums
Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for bilirubin

Negative bile test results and possible green
fluorescence

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections

A

Dark yellow

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11
Q

Causes of Dark Yellow color of urine

A

Concentrated specimen

B complex vitamins

Dehydration

Bilirubin

Acriflavine

Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation:

Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infections

Anticoagulant. orange in alkaline urine. colorless in acid urine

A

Orange-Yellow

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13
Q

Causes of orange-yellow urine

A

Phenazopyridine (pyridium)

Phenindione

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14
Q

Cause of yellow green urine

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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15
Q

Causes of Green Urine

A

Pseudomonas infection

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16
Q

Causes of Blue Green Urine

A

Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Clorets
Indican
Methylene blue
Phenol

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17
Q

Causes of Pink urine

A

RBCs

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18
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Colored foam in acidic urine and false negative chemical test result for biliburin

A

Yellow-Green

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19
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Positive urine culture

A

Green

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20
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Antidepressant
Muscle relaxant. may be green-brown
None
Bacterial infection, intestinal disorders
Fistulas when oxidized

color

A

Blue- Green

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21
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and RBCs visible microscopically

Color

A

Pink

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22
Q

Clinical/ Laboratory

Urine darkens on standing and reacts with
nitroprusside and ferric chloride

Interfere with copper reduction tests

Color disappears with ferric chloride

Antihypertensive

Darkens on standing. intestinal and vaginal infections

A

Black

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23
Q

Causes of Black urine color

A

Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen
Phenol derivatives
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Methyldopa or levodopa
Metronidazole (Flagyl)

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24
Q

Urine clarity

No visible particulate

A

clear

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25
Q

Clarity:

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

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26
Q

Urine clarity:

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

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27
Q

Clarity:

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

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28
Q

Clarity:

May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

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29
Q

Non-pathologic cause of urine turbidity:

A

Squamous epithelial cells
Mucus
Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
Semen, sperm protozoa
Fecal contamination
Radiographic contrast media
Talcum powder
Vaginal creams

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30
Q

Pathologic cause of urine turbidity

A

RBCs

WBCs

31
Q

Random urine sample specific gravity

A

1.015-1.030

32
Q

Specific gravity of radiographic contrast media (cholesterol correlation)

A

1.040

33
Q

Specific gravity of water

A

1.000

34
Q

Isosthenuric: SG

A

1.010

35
Q

Hyposthenuric: SG

A

<1.010

36
Q

Hypersthenuric: SG

A

> 1.010

37
Q

Principle of Refractometry

A

Refractive index

38
Q

Principle: Changes in colligative properties by particle number

A

Osmolality

39
Q

CALIBRATION OF MANUAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY MEASUREMENT: Refractometer and Urinometer difference

A

Temperature: 5-9 deg C (F: -32) - Urinometer

Temperature (no adjustment) - refractometer

Both:

For every 1g protein, subtract 0.003

For every 1g of glucose, subtract 0.004

40
Q

Macroscopic screening color significance:

A

Blood

41
Q

Macroscopic screening clarity significance:

A

Hematuria
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria

42
Q

Macroscopic screening blood significance:

A

RBCs, RBC Cast

43
Q

Macroscopic screening protein significance:

A

Casts, Cells

44
Q

Macroscopic screening Nitrite significance:

A

Bacteria, WBCs

45
Q

Macroscopic screening Leukocyte Esterase significance:

A

WBCs, WBC Cast, Bacteria

46
Q

Macroscopic screening Glucose significance:

A

yeast

47
Q

Analyte that decreases in unpreserved urine

A

Clarity
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
RBCs, WBCs, Casts
Trichomonas

48
Q

Analyte that increases in an unpreserved urine

A

Odor
pH
Nitrite
Bacteria

49
Q

Color change in an unpreserved urine

A

Modified, Darkened

50
Q

Cause of color change in urine

A

Oxidation and reduction of metabolites

51
Q

Cause of clarity change in urine

A

Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material

52
Q

Cause of glucose change in urine

A

Glycolysis and bacterial use

53
Q

Cause of ketone changes in urine

A

Volatilization and bacterial metabolism

54
Q

Cause of change in bilirubin level

A

Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin

55
Q

Cause of change in urobilinogen

A

Oxidation to urobilin

56
Q

Causeof RBCs, WBCs, Casts changes in urine

A

Disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

57
Q

Cause of trichomonas changes in urine

A

Loss of motility, death

58
Q

Analyte that increases in unpreserved urine

A

Odor
pH
Nitrite
Bacteria

59
Q

Cause of odor change in unpreserved urine

A

Bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea and ammonia

60
Q

Cause of ph change in unpreserved urine

A

Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2

61
Q

Cause of nitrite changes in urine

A

multiplication of nitrate reducing bacteria

62
Q

Cause of change in bacteria in an unpreserved urine

A

Multiplication

63
Q

Not part of routine urine analysis

A

Odor

64
Q

Normal odor of urine

A

Aromatic

65
Q

Foul ammonia-like odor cause

A

Bacterial decomposition, UTI

66
Q

Fruity and sweet odor cause in urine

A

Ketones (DM, Starvation, Vomiting)

67
Q

Maple syrup odor cause

A

MSUD

68
Q

Mousy odor cause of urine

A

Phenylketoneuria (PKU)

69
Q

Rancid odor cause

A

Tyrosinemia

70
Q

Sweaty feet odor cause

A

Isovaleric Acidemia

71
Q

Cabbage odor cause

A

methionine malabsorption

72
Q

bleach odor cause

A

contamination

73
Q

rotting fish odor cause

A

galunggong-like odor, trimethylaminuria

MTAP 1 FINALS (16 decks)

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