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MTAP 1 FINALS > AUBF Macroscopic Urine Examination > Flashcards

AUBF Macroscopic Urine Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Gives yellow color of urine (Thudichum)

A

Urochrome

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2
Q

most evident in refrigerated, precipitation of amorphous urates, produces pink color to the sediment. (acidic)

A

Uroerythrin

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3
Q

oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin

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4
Q

Urine color:

oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

Problems in enzymatic steps (heme synthesis): porphyrias

A

Red/Port Wine color

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5
Q

oxidation of melanogen (colorless pigment) to melanin - produce in excess

A

Melanoma

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6
Q

homogentisic acid (metabolite phenylalanine) - imparts a black color to alkaline urine from person with inborn metabolism

A

Alkaptonuria

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7
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation:
Random urine specimen

Cause: Recent fluid consumption

A

Colorless

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8
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation: Increased 24 hour volume and low specific gravity

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result

Recent fluid consumption

A

Pale yellow

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9
Q

Causes:

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

Diabetes mellitus

Dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

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10
Q

Clinical Laboratory Correlation:

May be normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning specimen

Fever or bums
Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for bilirubin

Negative bile test results and possible green
fluorescence

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections

A

Dark yellow

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11
Q

Causes of Dark Yellow color of urine

A

Concentrated specimen

B complex vitamins

Dehydration

Bilirubin

Acriflavine

Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation:

Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infections

Anticoagulant. orange in alkaline urine. colorless in acid urine

A

Orange-Yellow

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13
Q

Causes of orange-yellow urine

A

Phenazopyridine (pyridium)

Phenindione

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14
Q

Cause of yellow green urine

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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15
Q

Causes of Green Urine

A

Pseudomonas infection

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16
Q

Causes of Blue Green Urine

A

Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Clorets
Indican
Methylene blue
Phenol

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17
Q

Causes of Pink urine

A

RBCs

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18
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Colored foam in acidic urine and false negative chemical test result for biliburin

A

Yellow-Green

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19
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Positive urine culture

A

Green

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20
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Antidepressant
Muscle relaxant. may be green-brown
None
Bacterial infection, intestinal disorders
Fistulas when oxidized

color

A

Blue- Green

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21
Q

Clinical/Laboratory Correlation

Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and RBCs visible microscopically

Color

A

Pink

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22
Q

Clinical/ Laboratory

Urine darkens on standing and reacts with
nitroprusside and ferric chloride

Interfere with copper reduction tests

Color disappears with ferric chloride

Antihypertensive

Darkens on standing. intestinal and vaginal infections

A

Black

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23
Q

Causes of Black urine color

A

Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen
Phenol derivatives
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Methyldopa or levodopa
Metronidazole (Flagyl)

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24
Q

Urine clarity

No visible particulate

A

clear

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25
Clarity: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
26
Urine clarity: Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
27
Clarity: Print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
28
Clarity: May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
29
Non-pathologic cause of urine turbidity:
Squamous epithelial cells Mucus Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates Semen, sperm protozoa Fecal contamination Radiographic contrast media Talcum powder Vaginal creams
30
Pathologic cause of urine turbidity
RBCs WBCs
31
Random urine sample specific gravity
1.015-1.030
32
Specific gravity of radiographic contrast media (cholesterol correlation)
1.040
33
Specific gravity of water
1.000
34
Isosthenuric: SG
1.010
35
Hyposthenuric: SG
<1.010
36
Hypersthenuric: SG
>1.010
37
Principle of Refractometry
Refractive index
38
Principle: Changes in colligative properties by particle number
Osmolality
39
CALIBRATION OF MANUAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY MEASUREMENT: Refractometer and Urinometer difference
Temperature: 5-9 deg C (F: -32) - Urinometer Temperature (no adjustment) - refractometer Both: For every 1g protein, subtract 0.003 For every 1g of glucose, subtract 0.004
40
Macroscopic screening color significance:
Blood
41
Macroscopic screening clarity significance:
Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Myoglobinuria
42
Macroscopic screening blood significance:
RBCs, RBC Cast
43
Macroscopic screening protein significance:
Casts, Cells
44
Macroscopic screening Nitrite significance:
Bacteria, WBCs
45
Macroscopic screening Leukocyte Esterase significance:
WBCs, WBC Cast, Bacteria
46
Macroscopic screening Glucose significance:
yeast
47
Analyte that decreases in unpreserved urine
Clarity Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen RBCs, WBCs, Casts Trichomonas
48
Analyte that increases in an unpreserved urine
Odor pH Nitrite Bacteria
49
Color change in an unpreserved urine
Modified, Darkened
50
Cause of color change in urine
Oxidation and reduction of metabolites
51
Cause of clarity change in urine
Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material
52
Cause of glucose change in urine
Glycolysis and bacterial use
53
Cause of ketone changes in urine
Volatilization and bacterial metabolism
54
Cause of change in bilirubin level
Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin
55
Cause of change in urobilinogen
Oxidation to urobilin
56
Causeof RBCs, WBCs, Casts changes in urine
Disintegration in dilute alkaline urine
57
Cause of trichomonas changes in urine
Loss of motility, death
58
Analyte that increases in unpreserved urine
Odor pH Nitrite Bacteria
59
Cause of odor change in unpreserved urine
Bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea and ammonia
60
Cause of ph change in unpreserved urine
Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2
61
Cause of nitrite changes in urine
multiplication of nitrate reducing bacteria
62
Cause of change in bacteria in an unpreserved urine
Multiplication
63
Not part of routine urine analysis
Odor
64
Normal odor of urine
Aromatic
65
Foul ammonia-like odor cause
Bacterial decomposition, UTI
66
Fruity and sweet odor cause in urine
Ketones (DM, Starvation, Vomiting)
67
Maple syrup odor cause
MSUD
68
Mousy odor cause of urine
Phenylketoneuria (PKU)
69
Rancid odor cause
Tyrosinemia
70
Sweaty feet odor cause
Isovaleric Acidemia
71
Cabbage odor cause
methionine malabsorption
72
bleach odor cause
contamination
73
rotting fish odor cause
galunggong-like odor, trimethylaminuria

MTAP 1 FINALS (16 decks)

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