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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifecycle of the roundworm?

A

L1-> l2 in the env
L3 consumed
L4-L5 in SI
Adult in host and eggs in faeces

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2
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworm

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3
Q

What trichostrongyles infect sheep?

A

Haemonchus contortus
Trichostrongylus axei

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4
Q

Which trichostrongyles infect cows?

A

Haemonchus placei
Ostertagia ostertagi
Trichostronglus axei

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5
Q

Which trichostrongyles affect horses?

A

Trichostrongylus axei
Habronema muscae
Draschia megastoma

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6
Q

What is red stomach worm?

A

hyostrongylus rubidus
Nematode of the trichostrongyles that affects PIGS

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7
Q

What is the lifecycle phases of nematodes?

A

Free living phase
Contamination phase
Infection phase
Symbiotic/parasitic phase

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8
Q
A

Nematode

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9
Q
A

Nematode

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10
Q

What species does this egg belong to?

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

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11
Q

What species does this egg belong to?

A

Haemonchus corntortus
Sheep affecting

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12
Q

How can you tell the difference between haemonchus contortus and trichostronglus axei eggs?

A

Haemonchus contortus = right flatter ends (sqaurer oval)

Trichostrongylus axei= truer oval shape

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13
Q

Barbers pole worm

A

Haemonchus contortus

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14
Q

What is the prepatent period for haemonchus contortus?

A

17-21 days

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15
Q

Which abomasal worm has a significant spring rise?

A

H. contortus

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16
Q

What clinical signs are expected with H. contortus?

A

Anaemia
Diarrhoea
Poor body condition
Lambs might gain weight
Fatal w high burden
Bottle jaw
Initiation of TH2 immune response

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17
Q

Bottle jaw

A

Sub mandibular oedema

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18
Q

What is the Th2 immune response?

A

Increased eosinophils
Inc mast cells
Inc IgA IgE IgG
Increased IL4 IL5 IL13

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19
Q

Diagnostic method for H. Contortus, O. Ostertagia and T. Circumcinta

A

McMaster
Famcha chart
PCV
Necropsy

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20
Q

What worm caused this in a cow?

A

O. Ostertagia
Cobblestone like abomasum

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21
Q

What stages of Ostertagia, ostertagi causes cobble stone lesions?

A

Larvae move into the gastric glands and moult to L4
L4-L5 then emerge
Emerging from the gastric glands causes the pathology

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of Ostertagiasis?

A

Type 1 - Younger animals in spring. Overwintered L3s from last year = Aug/sep peak

Type II= Animals which have arrested larvae from previous season

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23
Q

What are the 2 stages of the immune response to Ostertagia. ostertagi

A

Th2 derived
1st response = doesnt protect against reinfection but does delay development = Immune induced hypobiosis

2nd response= takes 2 years
Reduced no of infected L3s = low number of eggs produced

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24
Q

What are the main equine stomach parasites?

A

Gasterophilus spp
Habronemeus spp

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25
Horse bot
Gastrophilus spp
26
What is the appearance of gastrophilus eggs?
1-1.5 cm long White or yellow sticky eggs
27
What is the appearance of gastrophilus spp larvae?
2 cm long with cylindrical rows of strong spikes Mouthpieces have 2 strong hooks
28
What is the lifecycle of gasterophilus spp?
Adult flies lay eggs on legs Eggs hatch 5-10 days of from saliva induced L1 v small develop in mouth L1-L2 pharynx L2 base of tongue -> stomach L3 at margo plicatus or dorsal duodenum 10-12 days in stomach then faeces
29
How do Gastrophilus intestinalis and nasalis differ?
Intestinalis attaches to squamous gastric mucosa of the margo plicatus Nasalis attaches to dorsoproximal duodenum
30
Habronemeus spp life cycle
PP - 6-8 wks Fly maggots ingest L1 L1-L3 in maggot L3-> mouth of adult flies and then deposited in lips nostrils and conjunctiva Migrate through tissues into the stomach if on lips or nostrils
31
What parasite causes summer sores on horses?
Habronemeus spp
32
Habronemeus spp family
Roundworms from spiruridae family
33
Nematodirus battus
Trichostrongyle north england larvae cause villi and mucosa erosion
34
Which parasite causes sloughing of the small intestinal vili?
Nematodirus battus
35
How is immunity to N.battus achieved?
3 months after infection In mast cells and eosinophils at site Serum IgA and IgG displays spsp results Villur shedding = rejection of Nematode spp
36
What are the other species of Nematodirus and which species do they affect?
N. fillicolis- sheep N. spathiger- sheep N. Helveianus - cattle
37
What is the lifecycle of N. battus?
L1-L3 in egg L3 hatch and ingested L3 move to LI L3-adult Eggs excreted
38
Why is N battus unique?
Very resilient as remain in egg until L 3 Hatching is stimulated by a cold period and then warmer Larvae cause the pathology - burrow into the SI
39
What are the properties of trichostrongly spp?
Nematodes with copulatory bursa and small buccal capsule Worms are small and hair like Direct and non migratory life cycle
40
What are the common trichostrongyle species os ruminants and birds?
Trichostrongylys colubriformis- sheep goats and cattle Trichostrongylus axei- sheep, goats and cattle (abomasal worm) Trichostrongylus tenuis - birds Trichostrongylus capricola Trichostrongylus vitrinus
41
What is the lifecycle of trichostrongylus?
Eggs in faeces Eggs hatch and free living L2 L2s to L3s (cold resistant) Hosts ingest L3 L3s develop into adults in the SI
42
What is the prepatent period of T. colubriformis?
21 days
43
What is immune exclusion to T. colubriformis?
Protection against L3s by exculsion or creating a barrier Sheep= mucus barrier to prevent L3 from establishuing
44
Which sheep have a prevalent Th2 response?
Romney sheep- increased expression of IL5 IL13
45
What is the role of IL5?
Activates eosinophils
46
What is the role of IL13
Stimulates eotaxin, eosinophil migration and class switching to IgE
47
What can be seen in the image?
T. colubriformis
48
What can be seen in the image
T. colubriformis L3
49
Which small intestinal worms affect birds?
Capillaria spp. Trichostrongylus tenius Dilepididae Davainea proglottina
50
What are capillaria spp?
Filamentous nematodes from the capillaridae family 1-5cm Prepatent period of 3-5 weeks
51
What are the 3 species of Capillaria spp?
C. obsignata C. caudinflata C. contorta
52
C. obsignata
Chickens, turkeys and pigeons Direct lifecycle L1 are present in egg before hatching
53
C. Caudinflata
Chickens and turkeys Indirect life cycle Intermediate host= earthworm
54
C. Contorta
Chickems, turkeys and ducks Infect the oesophagus and crop Indirect lifecycle- intermediate host is an earthworm
55
Dilipididae?
Family of tapeworms 2 sig spp - Amoebotaenia spenoides - Choanotaenia- infundibulum
56
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
4mm long Cyssticercoids are found in earthworms
57
Choanaotaenia infundibulum
20cm long Cysticercoids are found in house flies or beetles
58
Trichostrongylus tenius
Common in red grouse Affects chickend, pheasantsm quails and guinea fowl Can undergo hypobiosis
59
Deaths with trichostrongylus tenius
Yound birds die suddenly with high worm burdens of L3 on pasture Adults die in spring in case of high worm burdens and poor quality food
60
What is the lifecycle of the T. Tenius
L1- L2 in egg in env L3 in drops of water ingested Adult in intestines and eat lining
61
what is the lifecycle of Davainia proglottina
Cysticeroids mature and adult releases gravid segments Gravid segments contaminate pasture Slugs eat eggs Cysticeroids develop in slug Slug eaten by def host and move to duodenum
62
Davainea proglottina
Tapeworm in Davaineidae family Found in fowl and pigeons 4mm long Hooks on restella and suckers Slugs and snails are intermediate host
63
What are the clinical signs of D.proglottina
Blood loss enteritis
64
Main equine small intestine worms
Anoplocephala perfoliata Parascaris equorum Strongyloides westeri
65
Main equine large intestine worms
Cythatostomes Oxyuris equi Strongylus spp S. vulgaris S. Edentatus + S. equinus
66
Appearance of Anoplocephala perfoliata
Fat and short Segmented- each is male and female Wrinkly 4-8cm 1cm wide
67
Anophlocephala perfoliata
cestode (tapeworm) Mostly found in young horses Large sucker that attaches to intestinal mucosa mites cannot be killed
68
What are the clinical signs of A. perfoliata?
Ileal impaction Ileocolic intussusceptions Caecal impaction Spasmodic colic Functional and phys blockages Diarrhoea
69
Diagnostic test for A. perfoliata
Saliva test for antibodies Faecal analysis - easier when coupled with floatation and sedimentation
70
Parascaris equorum
Ascarid Develop in pulmonary alveoli not intestines Young horses Adult horses are reservoir Adult worms cause intestinal obstruction by balling together
71
prepatent period for P. equorum
10-16 weeks
72
Clinical signs of P. equorum
Bone and tendon disorders Occasional colicking Dullness Nasal discharge Weight gain Anorexia poor coat quality
73
Control of P. equorum
Deworm mares Keep stalls clean Paddock rotation Deworm foals
74
P. equorum diagnosis
Hard because long PPP Faecal analysis Endoscopy to duodenum Tracheal washes Bronchalveolar lavage
75
Strongyloides westeri
Horses Small nematode PPP= 10-15 days Affects foals but often no disease diarrhoea diagnosis by faecal float
76
Life cycle of S. westeri
Direct and indirect Eggs L1- adults lay eggs free living L1-l3 penetrate through skin or buccal mucosa To small intestine larvae = parthogenic females Larvae migrate to lungs then swallowed Large into adults and intestines Mares Larvae migrate to mammary gland and ingested by foals in colostrum or milk
77
Strongyloides westeri
78
Davainea proglottina
79
Cyathostomes
Found on mucosa of caecum and colon <1cm adults= conical, buccal capsule and leaf crown Yound horses Shed in spring
80
Cyathostomes clinical signs
Acute larval cyathostomiasis Mucosal damage when L3s emerge = colic, WL, diarho, death Autumn syndrome (larvae enter intestinal walls
81
LIfecycle of Cyathostomes
L1-L3 in environment ingested L3 out of sheath and reside in lieberkuhn glands Can become hypobiotic or evolve in 8-10 weeks Adult move to caecum and lay eggs
82
Oxyuris equi
Affect any age horse Common and benign Mucoid plug 5 month PPP Pinworms
83
Clinical signs of O. equi
Anal pruritis Skin excoriation Myiasis Rat tailed appearance Colic in high worm burden
84
Oxyuris equi - pinworm
85
Lifecycle of O. equi
L1-L3 L3s ingested L3 hatch to L4 in stom and SI Males and females mate in colon Females lay eggs in the rectum
86
Strongylus Spp
87
Strongylus vulgaris
Found in all horses but sever in unexposed Asymp horse acts as vector Verminous arteritis + colic PPP- 6-7 months
88
Clinical signs of S. vulgaris
Ischeamia Colic Anorexia Aortoiliac thrombus Granuloma in major organs Diarho Anaeamia Death Protein lost enteropathies
89
Diagnosis of S. vulgaris
Palpation of thrombi on rectal exam Faecal exam might show L3 on culture Horses with recurrent colic
90
S. vulgaris lifecycle
L1-L3 in envelope L3 ingested L3 exsheath in SI cross mucosal wall -> L4 L4_> small arterioles of intestine and then colic/caecal arteries L4 cranial mesenteric artery L4- THrombi in BV L4-> L5 in thrombi L5 = nodules in caecum and colon released into Intestinal lumen Adults attach to mucosa of caecum and lay eggs
91
Lifecycle of S edentatus
L1-L3 in envelope L3 ingested and exsheath in small intestine L3 cross through wall of intestine into blood L3-L4 In liver L4 migrate to peritoneum L4 create oedematous masses and migrate further 6-8 weeks attach to mucosa of caecum where they lay eggs Eggs shed in the faeces
92
Lifecycle of S. equinus
L1-L3 within envelop L3 ingested and exsheath L3 in caecum form subserosal nodules L3-> L4 in 2 weeks L4 cross visc periton to liver 4 months L4 migrate further Adults attach to caecum = lay eggs
93
Ascarid spp small animal
3 main species in small animals Toxocara canis TOxocara cati Toxascaris leonina PP-11 weeks Non migratory
94
Ascarid spp in birds
Ascarida spp Heterakis spp
95
Lifecycle of strongyloides stercoralis
Canine threadworm/ pinworm (zoonotic)n
96
Ancylostomes
Hookworms - type of nematode Ancylostomes caninum- dogs Uncinaria stenocephala - dogs Ancylostoma tubaeformae - cats
97
Unicinaria stenocephala
Prevalent in kennels Found in faeces L3s in env PPP = 2 weeks No pulmonary migration Penetrate skin but dont establish Clin signs = rare diarrhoea, dermatitis Adults 1-2 cm can attach to tissues and capillaries using buccal capsule
98
A. caninum
99
Unicinaria stenocephala
100
Unicinaria stenocephala
101
Ancylostomes lifecycle
Eggs in faeces L1-L3 penetrate skin L3 can become dormant in skeletal musc L3 can migrate to trachea L3 ingested and moult into L4s in the trachea L4s coughed up and swallowed Larvae travel to the intestine moult to adults
102
Cestodes
Tapeworms Chain of proglottids with a scolex Distal segments fill with wggs, shed in faeces but hard to see All ahve 1 intermediate host 4 main larval stages - found in intermediate host (metacestodes)
103
What are the 5 larval stages of cestodes>
Cysticercoid Strobilocercus fasciolaris Cysticercus Coenurus Hydatid
104
Taenia spp
Cestode Flat ribbon like worms 2 rows of suckers and hooks Proglottids have genital pore Eggs have striated shells with visible hooks
105
How does taenia spp spread?
Through ingestion of infected meat
106
What are the species of Taenia spp that spread in food?
T. solium spreads when humans eat undercooked pork T. Saginata spreads when humans eat infected beef
107
Grains of rice in faeces?
Taenia spp
108
Common species of taenia spp?
Taenia solium - humans and pigs Taenia saginata- humans and cattle Taenia taenieaformis- cats spreads through infected rodents, intermediate stage in liver Canine taenia spp
109
What are the canine taenia spp?
T. pisiformis T. hydatigena T. multiceps T. ovis T. seralis
110
Taenia spp
111
Dipylidium caninum
A dog and cat cestode but can affect humans Intermediate hosts are fleas and lice Scolexes have suckers and protrusible, hooked rostellum w 4-5 rows of small hools Mature segments have 2 genital pores Segments may look lime crawling rice grains
112
What is the lifecycle of Dipylidium caninum?
Flear larvae develop into adults and consumed by definitive host Eggs excreeted and proceed to hatch Gravid protoglottids emerge from perianal region Proglottids disintergrate and release egg packets Flea larve consume egg packets Oncospheres hatch from eggs and develop into cysticercoids
113
Diphyllobothrium latum?
Broad fish tapeworm Risk when undercooked fish is eaten
114
Echinococcus spp
E. granulosis E. multilocularis E. equinus
115
E.granulosus
Intermediat host is sheep - eat eggs Hydatid cysts form in liver Dogs definitive host PPP= 35 -55 days Zoonotic significant in central wales
116
E. multilocularis
Intermediate host is rodents and definitive is foxes Zoonotic
117
E. equinus
Intermediate host is horses/ donkeys
118
Echinococcus spp
119
Echinococcus spp
120
Dipylidium caninum
121
Dipylidium caninum
122
Dipylidium caninum
123
Trematodes
FLukes
124
Lifecycle of trematodes
Sporocyst redia Cercaria Encysted metacercaria definitive host eats vegetation Unembryonated eggs passed in faeces Eggs embryonated in faeces Miracidia hatch or eaten by intermediate host and then miracidia hatch
125
Trematodes
126
Dicocoelium dendriticum
127
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Trematode with extra steps Snails release slime balls containing cercariae Ants eat slime and metacercaria encyst Ants climb up grass and eaten by definitive host Metacercaria encyst in host duodenum -> hepatopancreatic ampulla
128
Dicrocoelium dendriticum clinical signs
Usually subclinical when clinical Anaemia, oedema, liver fibrosis and damage Will not penetrate liver capsule except F. hepatica
129
How do D. dendriticum feed?
Muscular pharunx for feeding on host tissue Guts have 2 caecae for nutrient uptake
130
Main fasciola spp
Fasciola hepatica Fasciola gigantica Fasciola magna
131
Fasciola hepatica
Ruminants Verry common in the Uk Significant economic loss
132
Fasciola gigantica
7.5 cm Causes chronic infections in cattle PPP= 64 days Buffalo are much less susceptible = 95 days Significant in africa and asia
133
Fasciola magna
10 cm American giant liver fluke
134
Clinical presentations of fasciola spp
Acute - sheep Subacute - cattle - loss in BCS, inappetence, fleece condition dec, death in winter Chronic- poor BCS and fleece, bottle jaw, death during lambing Goats
135
Goats immune response to fasciolata spp
Increase in blood eosinophils Increased eosinophil and plasma cell infiltrate in tissues in which flukes migrated Serum IgG specific to F magna Black pigmented adhesions between liver and diaphragm
136
Heterophyes heterophyes
Intestinal fluke of dogs and cats 2 intermediat hosts snail and fish Cercariae released from aquatic snails Cercariae encyst into metacercariae H. heterophyes def host is humans
137
Fasciola spp
138
Fasciola gigantica Fasciola hepatica

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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