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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifecycle of the roundworm?

A

L1-> l2 in the env
L3 consumed
L4-L5 in SI
Adult in host and eggs in faeces

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2
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworm

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3
Q

What trichostrongyles infect sheep?

A

Haemonchus contortus
Trichostrongylus axei

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4
Q

Which trichostrongyles infect cows?

A

Haemonchus placei
Ostertagia ostertagi
Trichostronglus axei

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5
Q

Which trichostrongyles affect horses?

A

Trichostrongylus axei
Habronema muscae
Draschia megastoma

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6
Q

What is red stomach worm?

A

hyostrongylus rubidus
Nematode of the trichostrongyles that affects PIGS

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7
Q

What is the lifecycle phases of nematodes?

A

Free living phase
Contamination phase
Infection phase
Symbiotic/parasitic phase

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8
Q
A

Nematode

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9
Q
A

Nematode

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10
Q

What species does this egg belong to?

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

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11
Q

What species does this egg belong to?

A

Haemonchus corntortus
Sheep affecting

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12
Q

How can you tell the difference between haemonchus contortus and trichostronglus axei eggs?

A

Haemonchus contortus = right flatter ends (sqaurer oval)

Trichostrongylus axei= truer oval shape

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13
Q

Barbers pole worm

A

Haemonchus contortus

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14
Q

What is the prepatent period for haemonchus contortus?

A

17-21 days

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15
Q

Which abomasal worm has a significant spring rise?

A

H. contortus

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16
Q

What clinical signs are expected with H. contortus?

A

Anaemia
Diarrhoea
Poor body condition
Lambs might gain weight
Fatal w high burden
Bottle jaw
Initiation of TH2 immune response

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17
Q

Bottle jaw

A

Sub mandibular oedema

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18
Q

What is the Th2 immune response?

A

Increased eosinophils
Inc mast cells
Inc IgA IgE IgG
Increased IL4 IL5 IL13

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19
Q

Diagnostic method for H. Contortus, O. Ostertagia and T. Circumcinta

A

McMaster
Famcha chart
PCV
Necropsy

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20
Q

What worm caused this in a cow?

A

O. Ostertagia
Cobblestone like abomasum

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21
Q

What stages of Ostertagia, ostertagi causes cobble stone lesions?

A

Larvae move into the gastric glands and moult to L4
L4-L5 then emerge
Emerging from the gastric glands causes the pathology

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of Ostertagiasis?

A

Type 1 - Younger animals in spring. Overwintered L3s from last year = Aug/sep peak

Type II= Animals which have arrested larvae from previous season

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23
Q

What are the 2 stages of the immune response to Ostertagia. ostertagi

A

Th2 derived
1st response = doesnt protect against reinfection but does delay development = Immune induced hypobiosis

2nd response= takes 2 years
Reduced no of infected L3s = low number of eggs produced

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24
Q

What are the main equine stomach parasites?

A

Gasterophilus spp
Habronemeus spp

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25
Q

Horse bot

A

Gastrophilus spp

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26
Q

What is the appearance of gastrophilus eggs?

A

1-1.5 cm long
White or yellow sticky eggs

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27
Q

What is the appearance of gastrophilus spp larvae?

A

2 cm long with cylindrical rows of strong spikes
Mouthpieces have 2 strong hooks

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28
Q

What is the lifecycle of gasterophilus spp?

A

Adult flies lay eggs on legs
Eggs hatch 5-10 days of from saliva induced
L1 v small develop in mouth
L1-L2 pharynx
L2 base of tongue -> stomach
L3 at margo plicatus or dorsal duodenum
10-12 days in stomach then faeces

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29
Q

How do Gastrophilus intestinalis and nasalis differ?

A

Intestinalis attaches to squamous gastric mucosa of the margo plicatus
Nasalis attaches to dorsoproximal duodenum

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30
Q

Habronemeus spp life cycle

A

PP - 6-8 wks
Fly maggots ingest L1
L1-L3 in maggot
L3-> mouth of adult flies and then deposited in lips nostrils and conjunctiva

Migrate through tissues into the stomach if on lips or nostrils

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31
Q

What parasite causes summer sores on horses?

A

Habronemeus spp

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32
Q

Habronemeus spp family

A

Roundworms from spiruridae family

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33
Q

Nematodirus battus

A

Trichostrongyle
north england
larvae cause villi and mucosa erosion

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34
Q

Which parasite causes sloughing of the small intestinal vili?

A

Nematodirus battus

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35
Q

How is immunity to N.battus achieved?

A

3 months after infection
In mast cells and eosinophils at site
Serum IgA and IgG displays spsp results
Villur shedding = rejection of Nematode spp

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36
Q

What are the other species of Nematodirus and which species do they affect?

A

N. fillicolis- sheep
N. spathiger- sheep
N. Helveianus - cattle

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37
Q

What is the lifecycle of N. battus?

A

L1-L3 in egg
L3 hatch and ingested
L3 move to LI
L3-adult
Eggs excreted

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38
Q

Why is N battus unique?

A

Very resilient as remain in egg until L 3
Hatching is stimulated by a cold period and then warmer
Larvae cause the pathology - burrow into the SI

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39
Q

What are the properties of trichostrongly spp?

A

Nematodes with copulatory bursa and small buccal capsule
Worms are small and hair like
Direct and non migratory life cycle

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40
Q

What are the common trichostrongyle species os ruminants and birds?

A

Trichostrongylys colubriformis- sheep goats and cattle
Trichostrongylus axei- sheep, goats and cattle (abomasal worm)
Trichostrongylus tenuis - birds
Trichostrongylus capricola
Trichostrongylus vitrinus

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41
Q

What is the lifecycle of trichostrongylus?

A

Eggs in faeces
Eggs hatch and free living L2
L2s to L3s (cold resistant)
Hosts ingest L3
L3s develop into adults in the SI

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42
Q

What is the prepatent period of T. colubriformis?

A

21 days

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43
Q

What is immune exclusion to T. colubriformis?

A

Protection against L3s by exculsion or creating a barrier
Sheep= mucus barrier to prevent L3 from establishuing

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44
Q

Which sheep have a prevalent Th2 response?

A

Romney sheep- increased expression of IL5 IL13

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45
Q

What is the role of IL5?

A

Activates eosinophils

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46
Q

What is the role of IL13

A

Stimulates eotaxin, eosinophil migration and class switching to IgE

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47
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

T. colubriformis

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48
Q

What can be seen in the image

A

T. colubriformis L3

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49
Q

Which small intestinal worms affect birds?

A

Capillaria spp.
Trichostrongylus tenius
Dilepididae
Davainea proglottina

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50
Q

What are capillaria spp?

A

Filamentous nematodes from the capillaridae family
1-5cm
Prepatent period of 3-5 weeks

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51
Q

What are the 3 species of Capillaria spp?

A

C. obsignata
C. caudinflata
C. contorta

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52
Q

C. obsignata

A

Chickens, turkeys and pigeons
Direct lifecycle
L1 are present in egg before hatching

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53
Q

C. Caudinflata

A

Chickens and turkeys
Indirect life cycle
Intermediate host= earthworm

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54
Q

C. Contorta

A

Chickems, turkeys and ducks
Infect the oesophagus and crop
Indirect lifecycle- intermediate host is an earthworm

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55
Q

Dilipididae?

A

Family of tapeworms
2 sig spp
- Amoebotaenia spenoides
- Choanotaenia- infundibulum

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56
Q

Amoebotaenia sphenoides

A

4mm long
Cyssticercoids are found in earthworms

57
Q

Choanaotaenia infundibulum

A

20cm long
Cysticercoids are found in house flies or beetles

58
Q

Trichostrongylus tenius

A

Common in red grouse
Affects chickend, pheasantsm quails and guinea fowl
Can undergo hypobiosis

59
Q

Deaths with trichostrongylus tenius

A

Yound birds die suddenly with high worm burdens of L3 on pasture
Adults die in spring in case of high worm burdens and poor quality food

60
Q

What is the lifecycle of the T. Tenius

A

L1- L2 in egg in env
L3 in drops of water ingested
Adult in intestines and eat lining

61
Q

what is the lifecycle of Davainia proglottina

A

Cysticeroids mature and adult releases gravid segments
Gravid segments contaminate pasture
Slugs eat eggs
Cysticeroids develop in slug
Slug eaten by def host and move to duodenum

62
Q

Davainea proglottina

A

Tapeworm in Davaineidae family
Found in fowl and pigeons
4mm long
Hooks on restella and suckers
Slugs and snails are intermediate host

63
Q

What are the clinical signs of D.proglottina

A

Blood loss enteritis

64
Q

Main equine small intestine worms

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Parascaris equorum
Strongyloides westeri

65
Q

Main equine large intestine worms

A

Cythatostomes
Oxyuris equi
Strongylus spp
S. vulgaris
S. Edentatus + S. equinus

66
Q

Appearance of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A

Fat and short
Segmented- each is male and female
Wrinkly
4-8cm 1cm wide

67
Q

Anophlocephala perfoliata

A

cestode (tapeworm)
Mostly found in young horses
Large sucker that attaches to intestinal mucosa
mites cannot be killed

68
Q

What are the clinical signs of A. perfoliata?

A

Ileal impaction
Ileocolic intussusceptions
Caecal impaction
Spasmodic colic
Functional and phys blockages
Diarrhoea

69
Q

Diagnostic test for A. perfoliata

A

Saliva test for antibodies
Faecal analysis - easier when coupled with floatation and sedimentation

70
Q

Parascaris equorum

A

Ascarid
Develop in pulmonary alveoli not intestines
Young horses
Adult horses are reservoir
Adult worms cause intestinal obstruction by balling together

71
Q

prepatent period for P. equorum

A

10-16 weeks

72
Q

Clinical signs of P. equorum

A

Bone and tendon disorders
Occasional colicking
Dullness
Nasal discharge
Weight gain
Anorexia
poor coat quality

73
Q

Control of P. equorum

A

Deworm mares
Keep stalls clean
Paddock rotation
Deworm foals

74
Q

P. equorum diagnosis

A

Hard because long PPP
Faecal analysis
Endoscopy to duodenum
Tracheal washes
Bronchalveolar lavage

75
Q

Strongyloides westeri

A

Horses
Small nematode
PPP= 10-15 days
Affects foals but often no disease
diarrhoea
diagnosis by faecal float

76
Q

Life cycle of S. westeri

A

Direct and indirect
Eggs
L1- adults lay eggs free living
L1-l3 penetrate through skin or buccal mucosa
To small intestine
larvae = parthogenic females
Larvae migrate to lungs then swallowed
Large into adults and intestines

Mares
Larvae migrate to mammary gland and ingested by foals in colostrum or milk

77
Q
A

Strongyloides westeri

78
Q
A

Davainea proglottina

79
Q

Cyathostomes

A

Found on mucosa of caecum and colon
<1cm
adults= conical, buccal capsule and leaf crown
Yound horses
Shed in spring

80
Q

Cyathostomes clinical signs

A

Acute larval cyathostomiasis
Mucosal damage when L3s emerge = colic, WL, diarho, death
Autumn syndrome (larvae enter intestinal walls

81
Q

LIfecycle of Cyathostomes

A

L1-L3 in environment ingested
L3 out of sheath and reside in lieberkuhn glands
Can become hypobiotic or evolve in 8-10 weeks
Adult move to caecum and lay eggs

82
Q

Oxyuris equi

A

Affect any age horse
Common and benign
Mucoid plug
5 month PPP
Pinworms

83
Q

Clinical signs of O. equi

A

Anal pruritis
Skin excoriation
Myiasis
Rat tailed appearance
Colic in high worm burden

84
Q
A

Oxyuris equi - pinworm

85
Q

Lifecycle of O. equi

A

L1-L3
L3s ingested
L3 hatch to L4 in stom and SI
Males and females mate in colon
Females lay eggs in the rectum

86
Q
A

Strongylus Spp

87
Q

Strongylus vulgaris

A

Found in all horses but sever in unexposed
Asymp horse acts as vector
Verminous arteritis + colic
PPP- 6-7 months

88
Q

Clinical signs of S. vulgaris

A

Ischeamia
Colic
Anorexia
Aortoiliac thrombus
Granuloma in major organs
Diarho
Anaeamia
Death
Protein lost enteropathies

89
Q

Diagnosis of S. vulgaris

A

Palpation of thrombi on rectal exam
Faecal exam might show L3 on culture
Horses with recurrent colic

90
Q

S. vulgaris lifecycle

A

L1-L3 in envelope
L3 ingested
L3 exsheath in SI cross mucosal wall -> L4
L4_> small arterioles of intestine and then colic/caecal arteries
L4 cranial mesenteric artery
L4- THrombi in BV
L4-> L5 in thrombi
L5 = nodules in caecum and colon released into Intestinal lumen
Adults attach to mucosa of caecum and lay eggs

91
Q

Lifecycle of S edentatus

A

L1-L3 in envelope
L3 ingested and exsheath in small intestine
L3 cross through wall of intestine into blood
L3-L4 In liver
L4 migrate to peritoneum
L4 create oedematous masses and migrate further
6-8 weeks attach to mucosa of caecum where they lay eggs
Eggs shed in the faeces

92
Q

Lifecycle of S. equinus

A

L1-L3 within envelop
L3 ingested and exsheath
L3 in caecum form subserosal nodules
L3-> L4 in 2 weeks
L4 cross visc periton to liver 4 months
L4 migrate further
Adults attach to caecum = lay eggs

93
Q

Ascarid spp small animal

A

3 main species in small animals
Toxocara canis
TOxocara cati
Toxascaris leonina
PP-11 weeks
Non migratory

94
Q

Ascarid spp in birds

A

Ascarida spp
Heterakis spp

95
Q

Lifecycle of strongyloides stercoralis

A

Canine threadworm/ pinworm (zoonotic)n

96
Q

Ancylostomes

A

Hookworms - type of nematode
Ancylostomes caninum- dogs
Uncinaria stenocephala - dogs
Ancylostoma tubaeformae - cats

97
Q

Unicinaria stenocephala

A

Prevalent in kennels
Found in faeces L3s in env
PPP = 2 weeks
No pulmonary migration
Penetrate skin but dont establish
Clin signs = rare diarrhoea, dermatitis
Adults 1-2 cm can attach to tissues and capillaries using buccal capsule

98
Q
A

A. caninum

99
Q
A

Unicinaria stenocephala

100
Q
A

Unicinaria stenocephala

101
Q

Ancylostomes lifecycle

A

Eggs in faeces
L1-L3 penetrate skin
L3 can become dormant in skeletal musc
L3 can migrate to trachea
L3 ingested and moult into L4s in the trachea
L4s coughed up and swallowed
Larvae travel to the intestine moult to adults

102
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms
Chain of proglottids with a scolex
Distal segments fill with wggs, shed in faeces but hard to see
All ahve 1 intermediate host
4 main larval stages - found in intermediate host (metacestodes)

103
Q

What are the 5 larval stages of cestodes>

A

Cysticercoid
Strobilocercus fasciolaris
Cysticercus
Coenurus
Hydatid

104
Q

Taenia spp

A

Cestode
Flat ribbon like worms
2 rows of suckers and hooks
Proglottids have genital pore
Eggs have striated shells with visible hooks

105
Q

How does taenia spp spread?

A

Through ingestion of infected meat

106
Q

What are the species of Taenia spp that spread in food?

A

T. solium spreads when humans eat undercooked pork
T. Saginata spreads when humans eat infected beef

107
Q

Grains of rice in faeces?

A

Taenia spp

108
Q

Common species of taenia spp?

A

Taenia solium - humans and pigs
Taenia saginata- humans and cattle
Taenia taenieaformis- cats spreads through infected rodents, intermediate stage in liver
Canine taenia spp

109
Q

What are the canine taenia spp?

A

T. pisiformis
T. hydatigena
T. multiceps
T. ovis
T. seralis

110
Q
A

Taenia spp

111
Q

Dipylidium caninum

A

A dog and cat cestode but can affect humans
Intermediate hosts are fleas and lice
Scolexes have suckers and protrusible, hooked rostellum w 4-5 rows of small hools
Mature segments have 2 genital pores
Segments may look lime crawling rice grains

112
Q

What is the lifecycle of Dipylidium caninum?

A

Flear larvae develop into adults and consumed by definitive host
Eggs excreeted and proceed to hatch
Gravid protoglottids emerge from perianal region
Proglottids disintergrate and release egg packets
Flea larve consume egg packets
Oncospheres hatch from eggs and develop into cysticercoids

113
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Broad fish tapeworm
Risk when undercooked fish is eaten

114
Q

Echinococcus spp

A

E. granulosis
E. multilocularis
E. equinus

115
Q

E.granulosus

A

Intermediat host is sheep - eat eggs
Hydatid cysts form in liver
Dogs definitive host
PPP= 35 -55 days
Zoonotic
significant in central wales

116
Q

E. multilocularis

A

Intermediate host is rodents and definitive is foxes
Zoonotic

117
Q

E. equinus

A

Intermediate host is horses/ donkeys

118
Q
A

Echinococcus spp

119
Q
A

Echinococcus spp

120
Q
A

Dipylidium caninum

121
Q
A

Dipylidium caninum

122
Q
A

Dipylidium caninum

123
Q

Trematodes

A

FLukes

124
Q

Lifecycle of trematodes

A

Sporocyst
redia
Cercaria
Encysted metacercaria
definitive host eats vegetation
Unembryonated eggs passed in faeces
Eggs embryonated in faeces
Miracidia hatch or eaten by intermediate host and then miracidia hatch

125
Q
A

Trematodes

126
Q
A

Dicocoelium dendriticum

127
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Trematode with extra steps
Snails release slime balls containing cercariae
Ants eat slime and metacercaria encyst
Ants climb up grass and eaten by definitive host
Metacercaria encyst in host duodenum -> hepatopancreatic ampulla

128
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum clinical signs

A

Usually subclinical
when clinical
Anaemia, oedema, liver fibrosis and damage
Will not penetrate liver capsule except F. hepatica

129
Q

How do D. dendriticum feed?

A

Muscular pharunx for feeding on host tissue
Guts have 2 caecae for nutrient uptake

130
Q

Main fasciola spp

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola magna

131
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

Ruminants
Verry common in the Uk
Significant economic loss

132
Q

Fasciola gigantica

A

7.5 cm
Causes chronic infections in cattle
PPP= 64 days
Buffalo are much less susceptible = 95 days
Significant in africa and asia

133
Q

Fasciola magna

A

10 cm
American giant liver fluke

134
Q

Clinical presentations of fasciola spp

A

Acute - sheep
Subacute - cattle - loss in BCS, inappetence, fleece condition dec, death in winter
Chronic- poor BCS and fleece, bottle jaw, death during lambing
Goats

135
Q

Goats immune response to fasciolata spp

A

Increase in blood eosinophils
Increased eosinophil and plasma cell infiltrate in tissues in which flukes migrated
Serum IgG specific to F magna
Black pigmented adhesions between liver and diaphragm

136
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes

A

Intestinal fluke of dogs and cats
2 intermediat hosts snail and fish
Cercariae released from aquatic snails
Cercariae encyst into metacercariae

H. heterophyes def host is humans

137
Q
A

Fasciola spp

138
Q
A

Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola hepatica

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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