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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Dental > Flashcards

Dental Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the parotid salivary glands in carnivores?

A

V shape around articular cartilage

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2
Q

What is the shape of the parotid salivary glands in herbivores?

A

C shape that fits around the caudal border of the mandibular vertically

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3
Q

What type of saliva does the parotid salivary gland produce?

A

Mixed saliva
Mucous and serous

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4
Q

What species is the zygomatic salivary present in?

A

Dogs and cats

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5
Q

What type of saliva does the mandibular salivary gland produce?

A

Mixed secretions
Can alternate between serous and mucous

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6
Q

What are the two portions of the subligual duct?

A

Polystomatis and monostomatic

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7
Q

What are the key characteristics of saliva?

A

Primary secretion in acini
Small amounts of electrolytes, proteins, amylase, lymphocytes and mucin

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8
Q

How is primary acini secretion achieved?

A

Higher flow rate= less modification
therefore saliva secreted is closer to the primary secretion

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9
Q

What do serous cells produce in the salvion?

A

Watery secretion

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10
Q

What do mucous cells produce in the salvion?

A

Mucous

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11
Q

What do plasma cells produce in the salvion?

A

Around the acini
Mainly produce IgA

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12
Q

What do myoepithelial cells of the salvion do?

A

Envelope each acini for pushing saliva out

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13
Q

What do intercalated ducts in the salvion do?

A

Secrete HCO3 and absorb Cl-

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14
Q

What is the role of striated ducts in the salvion?

A

Secrete K+ and HCO3 and absorb Na+

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15
Q

What are the functions of the saliva?

A

Lubrication
Enzyme action
Buffering (rumen)
Antifoaming
Peroxide based antibac system
maintains pH at 7.5
Hydroxyapatite
Urea/ammonia
Thermoregulation

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16
Q

What is the role of SNS stimulation to the salivary glands?

A

Saliva more viscous w amylase and proteins
Increases flow in response to oral and visual stimuli
Supply reaches the glands via artery supplies

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17
Q

What is the role of the PNS in the salivary glands?

A

Watery and high vol
Basal flow supply travels along the trigeminal nerves through nuclei- linked with cranial nerves VII and IX

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18
Q

hyoglossus

A

Hyoids to the base of the tongue

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19
Q

genioglossus

A

Chin to base of tongue

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20
Q

styloglossus

A

stylohyoids to the tongue

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21
Q

mylohyoideus

A

transfer across jaw - supports the tonge

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22
Q

Geniohyoideus

A

Chin to hyoids

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23
Q

How can mammals breath and eat?

A

3 seals when swallowing - lips- tongue against soft palate and soft palate against oes

Hold food in mouth and still breath
Presence of hard palate and movable tongue allows suckling and breathing

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24
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing in terms of reflex?

A

1 voluntary
2 and 3 inoluntary
Degluttination centre is in the medulla oblongata

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25
Q

What is the first stage of swallowing?

A

Tongue- masticated food + saliva = bolus
Up and back to the pharynx

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26
Q

What is the second stage of swallowing?

A

Soft palate closes posterior nares
Epiglottis covers the larynx + trachea = breathing is suspended
Oesophagus dilates

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27
Q

What is the third stage of swallowing?

A

Bolus passes the oesophagus and recluses
Epiglottis uncovers the trachea and bolus moves down the oesophagus -> stomach

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28
Q

What is the role of the incisors?

A

Nibbling, grooming and cutting

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29
Q

tWhat is the role of the canines?

A

Grasping, fighting , defence, stabbing, toxin injection

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30
Q

What is the role of the premolars and molars?

A

Depends on diet
Crushing, shearing
Gripping and grinding

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31
Q

What embryological structure are the teeth developed from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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32
Q

Heterodont

A

teeth are dissimilar

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33
Q

dihypodont

A

2 sets of teeth

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34
Q

hypsodont

A

high crowns

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35
Q

brachydont

A

low crowns

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36
Q

Role and movement of the jaw in carnivores

A

Sharp teeth for flesh
Crushing teeth for bones

Jaw can move sidways to engage carnassial teeth (pterygoideus muscle)
Jaw closed to shead and crush = masseter + temporalis muscle

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37
Q

Describe the jaw movement in omnivores

A

Combined crushing and grinding action

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38
Q

Describe the movement of the teeth and jaw in herbivores?

A

Grinding teeth breakdown plant matter

close jaw on herbage= masseter muscle
Sideways movement with jaw closed to grind plants

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39
Q

Secodont

A

Carnivores have staggered teeth

teeth for gripping hard or soft round objects = the carnassial teeth overlap as the jaw closes creating a cutting action

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40
Q

Describe the anatomy of the crow

A

Visible enamel = hard and smooth
Dentin= made of tubules, hard
Cups
Pulp cavity
cementoenamal junction

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41
Q

Describe the anatomy of the enamel

A

97% hydroxyapatiet
Acellular
no repair possible
Only on crowns and not always present

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42
Q

Describe the anatomy of the dentine

A

Living tissue
Odontoblasts which processes in dental tubules

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43
Q

Define primary dentine

A

Most of the dentine
Forms as tooth grows
Mad of mineralised collagen

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44
Q

Define secondary dentine?

A

Grows slowly
Formed after eruption
Makes the pulp cavity smaller

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45
Q

Define tertiary dentine

A

Reaction to damage
Irregular structure
Helps to fill in damage

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46
Q

What is the anatomy of the pulp in the teeth

A

Pulp cavity
Root canal
Blood vessels, lymph and nerves
Secondary dentine causes the pulp cavity to narrow with age

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47
Q

What is the role of the periodontium?

A

Attach
support
Protect

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48
Q

What is the anatomy of the gingiva

A

Squamous epitheliuym
Dense fibrous layer closely bound to the periosteum
Reflects into the CEJ to form the gingival sulcus

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49
Q

What is the anatomy of the cementum

A

Peripheral to dentine or enamel attachment for periodontal fibres
Completely covers herbivore teeth

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50
Q

What is the anatomy of the periodontal ligament?

A

Series of angled collagen fibres that supports the tooth
Acts as a shock absorber by spreading load into the whole socket

51
Q

What is the anatomy of the tooth root?

A

Cementum
dentine
Root canal
Apex- apical dentine
Can be single or multirooted, apical to the CEJ

52
Q

What is meant by open roots?

A

Root apex open so continually grows and erupts

53
Q

What is meant by closed roots?

A

Root apex is closed
Tooth erupts slowly and continuously
Tooth erupts to a fixed height in carnivores

54
Q

What is the nerve supply to the maxilla

A

Infraorbital nerve
sensory branches to tooth roots

55
Q

What is the nervous supply to the mandible?

A

Mandibular nerve
Travels throught the mandibular canal, sensory branches to tooth roots and motor to masticatory muscles

56
Q

What is the function of ameloblast in the embryological developement of the teeth?

A

Form inner most layer
Form enamel
Form epithelial cells

57
Q

What is the enamel organ?

A

Forms above the dental papillae, helps to form enamel and the initiation of dentin formation

58
Q

What is the function of the odontoblasts in the embyrological development of the tooth?

A

Form alveolar bone
Located in the outer layer making dentin

59
Q

What is the bud stage in the embyological development of the tooth?

A

Gradual differentiation of various cell types of the tooth

60
Q

What is the cap stage in the embyrological development of the tooth?

A

Bud infolds forming upper dental cap
Neural crest is derived from mesenchyme underneath = dental papilla cap
Dental papilla cap reamins connected to the epithelium via a cord of cells = shoots under the buds

61
Q

What is the function of the dental sac?

A

Provides cementum+ alveolar bone + blood supplt

62
Q

Tridan system

A

UR= 1
UL= 2
LR= 3
LL= 4

the second and third number tell you exactly which tooth it is
incisors = 01, 02, 03
canines = 04
premolars = 05, 06, 07, 08
molars = 09, 10, 11

63
Q

How do animals eat and breath at the same time?

A

by sealing off th buccal cavity and oropharynx from the common pharynx
Seal is made by tongue against soft palate and soft palate against epiglottis

64
Q

How do snakes eat and breath at the same time?

A

larynx is rostrally
caudal to mandibular symphysis
As the mandibular symphysis widens the larynx can protrude outside the buccal cavity so is not compressed by the prey

65
Q

What anatomical structures are involved in prehension?

A

Tongue
Lips
Canine teeth
Incisor teeth

66
Q

What are the anatomical structures in the head involved with mastication

A

jaws, teeth, skull, tempromandibular joint. jaw muscles, tounge muscles and buccal muscles

67
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the head involved in swallowing?

A

tongue, soft pallate, epiglottis, larynx, laryngopharynx

68
Q

How is eating different in reptiles and fish?

A

Prey items swallowed whole
Some fish can tear prey
reptiles use feet to pull prey apart

69
Q

Which animals do not have salivary glands?

A

Fish

70
Q

What is a salivary mucocele?

A

pathological accumulation of saliva in the ducts or the capsule of the glands due to blockage.
A mucocele under the tongue is called a ranula.

71
Q

What is the embryological origin of the gut epithelium?

A

Endoderm

72
Q

Where is the transition between skeletal muscles of the oral cavity and the smooth muscle of the stomach?

A

oesophagus (cats, pigs + horses) have extensive smooth muscle in other species mainly skeletal muscle until last part of the oesophagus

73
Q

Why is dental decay rare in domestic animals?

A

Saliva is not acidic so calcium phosphate doesn’t dissolve

74
Q

Which cranial nerve provides skin sensation of the lips?

A

upper V2 and lower V3

75
Q

Which CN moves the lips

A

CN VII

76
Q

Which cranial nerve opens the jaw

A

CN V and VII

77
Q

Which cranial nerve moves the tongue

A

CN XII

78
Q

Which cranial nerve is for taste?

A

rostral 2/3 = VII
Causal third is IX
larynx is X

79
Q

Which cranial nerve closes the jaw?

A

V3

80
Q

Which cranial nerve allows swallowing ?

A

Lots but mainly
XII
IX
X
assisted by V and VII

81
Q

When passing a stomach tube which routes would you use for cattle?

A

Nasal
Oral but need a gag
Calves and lambs oral but do not need a gag

82
Q

What is the stomach tube route in the horse?

A

Nasal

83
Q

What is the stomach tube route in the dog?

A

Oral with gag

84
Q

When passing and endotracheal tube what are the issues in horses?

A

Long soft palate and layrnx sits well into the nasopharynx

85
Q

What is the embyrological origin of the ameloblasts and what do they produce?

A

Neural ectoderm and produce enamel

86
Q

What is the embryological ectoderm of the odontoblasts and what do they product?

A

Mesenchyme
Form dentine

87
Q

What is a vescicle - oral microbiology?

A

Circumscribed epidermal elevation in skin containing clear fluif
Usually less than 5mm in diameter

88
Q

What is a bulla - oral microbio?

A

A vescical which has a diameter of more than 5 mm

89
Q

What is erosion- oral microbio?

A

Partial loss of epidermis that does not penetrate beneath the basal laminar zone

90
Q

What is an ulcer in relation to oral microbiology?

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis

91
Q

What are 3 vesicular diseases which are notifiable and cause oral lesions in farm animals?

A

Foot and mouth
Swine vesicular disease
Vesicular stomatitis

92
Q

What causes foot and mouth?

A

Apthovirus - picornviridae family

93
Q

What are the clinical signs for foot and mouth disease in cattle?

A

Fever
Loss of appetite
Decreased milk production

24 hrs later = profuse salivation , drooling, vesicles develop on tongue and gums
vesicles can form around toes and coronary band= lameness

94
Q

What is the first sign of foot and mouth disease in pigs?

A

Lameness is first sign

95
Q

How is foot and mouth disease diagnosed?

A

Lab
Detection of foot and mouth disease viral antigen in tissue and fluid samples by ELISA

96
Q

What causes swine vesicular virus?

A

Picronaviridae, enterovirus which are non enveloped and RNA viruses

97
Q

What are the common lesions with swine vesicular disease?

A

Lesions on coronary band and less commonly on the snout

98
Q

What are the causes of vesicular stomitis virus

A

Part of rhabdoviridae family
Single stranded negative sense genome

99
Q

What is the epidemiology of vesicular somtitis virus?

A

Enters the body through breaks in the mucosa and skin

100
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Vesicular stomitis virus?

A

Vesicles develop at the sight of infection and spread locally by spread of the primary lesion

101
Q

What are the clinical signs of VSV?

A

cattle and horses= fever and excessive salivation
Pigs= lameness

102
Q

What causes FCV?

A

calcicuiviridae, vesivirus
Positive sense RNA
small and non enveloped

103
Q

What causes FHV?

A

Herpeviridae
Alphaherpes virus
Feline herpes virus 1

large double stranded DNA enveloped

104
Q

What are the acute signs of cat flu and state what are the characteristic signs of FCV and FHV?

A

sneezing
nasal discharge
Dehydration
pyrexia
Oral ulceration= FCV
Corneal ulceration= FHV

105
Q

What are the non viral causes of vesicle formation?

A

Chemical or physical
Photosensitisation
Autoimmune

106
Q

Plaque

A

biofilm or microorganisms and it forms its own microenvironment

107
Q

What is the non specific antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity

A

Saliva flow
Mucins and agglutination

108
Q

What are the innate antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity

A

Lysozymes
Lactoferrins
Antimicrobial peptides
PMNs/neutrophiles

109
Q

What are the adaptive antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity?

A

Serum immunoglobulins
Antibodies
Complement

110
Q

How does dental plaque develop?

A
  1. Glycoproteins deposited =colonisation
  2. microcolonies with polysaccharides, salivary proteins and glycoproteins form.
    aerobic growth of pioneer species. streptococci + actinomycetes colonise the dental biofilm
    3.growth of biofilm with matrix this leads to environment for anaerobic growth
  3. anaerobic bacteria and increased structure and diversity. Porphyromonas, establish in developed plaque
  4. mineral deposition occurs
    6.Nutrition, pH and flora varies = more bacteria colonising
  5. redox lowers as collagen conserved this favours obligate anaerobes
111
Q

Porphyromonas

A

Porphyromonas, gram negative anaerobic bacteria, rods

112
Q

State the factors affecting plaque development

A

Ageing
Allogenic development - non microbial
Autogenic- changes in microbiology
Bacterial factors

113
Q

Calculus

A

Mineralised phosphate deposited around the bacteria

114
Q

How does gingivitis develop?

A

Plaque changes microenvironment
Anaerobes establish and mineral deposition occurs
Subgingival deposits trigger inflammation
Bacteria secrete enzymes weakening the tissue= more damage

115
Q

3 common oral cavity diseases?

A

Dental caries
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions
Cat bite abscesses

116
Q

2 surfact/soft tissue infections of the oral cavity

A

Mycological infection
Lumpy jaw

117
Q

What are actinomyce sp

A

bacteria of the oral carvity
faculatibe anaerobes
gram positive
opportunistic pathogen
slow growth rate
colonises the mucous membranes which can lead to a branched network of hypae forming

118
Q

Streptococcus sp

A

bacteria of the oral cavity
faculative anaerobe
gram positive cocci
early coloniser for plaque
haemolytic activities

119
Q

Neissera sp

A

bacteria of the oral cavity
faculative anerobe
gram negative diplococci
found in plaque

120
Q

Fusobacterium sp

A

oral bacteria
anaerobic gramm negative rods
infections involve mucous membranes and underling tissues of the oral cavity epithelium

121
Q

Candida sp

A

yeasts of the oral cavity
normal component of oral microflora

122
Q

Vmax

A

theoretical saturation point of enzymes

123
Q

Km

A

is the substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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