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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Dental > Flashcards

Dental Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the parotid salivary glands in carnivores?

A

V shape around articular cartilage

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2
Q

What is the shape of the parotid salivary glands in herbivores?

A

C shape that fits around the caudal border of the mandibular vertically

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3
Q

What type of saliva does the parotid salivary gland produce?

A

Mixed saliva
Mucous and serous

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4
Q

What species is the zygomatic salivary present in?

A

Dogs and cats

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5
Q

What type of saliva does the mandibular salivary gland produce?

A

Mixed secretions
Can alternate between serous and mucous

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6
Q

What are the two portions of the subligual duct?

A

Polystomatis and monostomatic

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7
Q

What are the key characteristics of saliva?

A

Primary secretion in acini
Small amounts of electrolytes, proteins, amylase, lymphocytes and mucin

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8
Q

How is primary acini secretion achieved?

A

Higher flow rate= less modification
therefore saliva secreted is closer to the primary secretion

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9
Q

What do serous cells produce in the salvion?

A

Watery secretion

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10
Q

What do mucous cells produce in the salvion?

A

Mucous

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11
Q

What do plasma cells produce in the salvion?

A

Around the acini
Mainly produce IgA

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12
Q

What do myoepithelial cells of the salvion do?

A

Envelope each acini for pushing saliva out

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13
Q

What do intercalated ducts in the salvion do?

A

Secrete HCO3 and absorb Cl-

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14
Q

What is the role of striated ducts in the salvion?

A

Secrete K+ and HCO3 and absorb Na+

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15
Q

What are the functions of the saliva?

A

Lubrication
Enzyme action
Buffering (rumen)
Antifoaming
Peroxide based antibac system
maintains pH at 7.5
Hydroxyapatite
Urea/ammonia
Thermoregulation

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16
Q

What is the role of SNS stimulation to the salivary glands?

A

Saliva more viscous w amylase and proteins
Increases flow in response to oral and visual stimuli
Supply reaches the glands via artery supplies

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17
Q

What is the role of the PNS in the salivary glands?

A

Watery and high vol
Basal flow supply travels along the trigeminal nerves through nuclei- linked with cranial nerves VII and IX

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18
Q

hyoglossus

A

Hyoids to the base of the tongue

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19
Q

genioglossus

A

Chin to base of tongue

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20
Q

styloglossus

A

stylohyoids to the tongue

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21
Q

mylohyoideus

A

transfer across jaw - supports the tonge

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22
Q

Geniohyoideus

A

Chin to hyoids

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23
Q

How can mammals breath and eat?

A

3 seals when swallowing - lips- tongue against soft palate and soft palate against oes

Hold food in mouth and still breath
Presence of hard palate and movable tongue allows suckling and breathing

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24
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing in terms of reflex?

A

1 voluntary
2 and 3 inoluntary
Degluttination centre is in the medulla oblongata

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25
What is the first stage of swallowing?
Tongue- masticated food + saliva = bolus Up and back to the pharynx
26
What is the second stage of swallowing?
Soft palate closes posterior nares Epiglottis covers the larynx + trachea = breathing is suspended Oesophagus dilates
27
What is the third stage of swallowing?
Bolus passes the oesophagus and recluses Epiglottis uncovers the trachea and bolus moves down the oesophagus -> stomach
28
What is the role of the incisors?
Nibbling, grooming and cutting
29
tWhat is the role of the canines?
Grasping, fighting , defence, stabbing, toxin injection
30
What is the role of the premolars and molars?
Depends on diet Crushing, shearing Gripping and grinding
31
What embryological structure are the teeth developed from?
Neuroectoderm
32
Heterodont
teeth are dissimilar
33
dihypodont
2 sets of teeth
34
hypsodont
high crowns
35
brachydont
low crowns
36
Role and movement of the jaw in carnivores
Sharp teeth for flesh Crushing teeth for bones Jaw can move sidways to engage carnassial teeth (pterygoideus muscle) Jaw closed to shead and crush = masseter + temporalis muscle
37
Describe the jaw movement in omnivores
Combined crushing and grinding action
38
Describe the movement of the teeth and jaw in herbivores?
Grinding teeth breakdown plant matter close jaw on herbage= masseter muscle Sideways movement with jaw closed to grind plants
39
Secodont
Carnivores have staggered teeth teeth for gripping hard or soft round objects = the carnassial teeth overlap as the jaw closes creating a cutting action
40
Describe the anatomy of the crow
Visible enamel = hard and smooth Dentin= made of tubules, hard Cups Pulp cavity cementoenamal junction
41
Describe the anatomy of the enamel
97% hydroxyapatiet Acellular no repair possible Only on crowns and not always present
42
Describe the anatomy of the dentine
Living tissue Odontoblasts which processes in dental tubules
43
Define primary dentine
Most of the dentine Forms as tooth grows Mad of mineralised collagen
44
Define secondary dentine?
Grows slowly Formed after eruption Makes the pulp cavity smaller
45
Define tertiary dentine
Reaction to damage Irregular structure Helps to fill in damage
46
What is the anatomy of the pulp in the teeth
Pulp cavity Root canal Blood vessels, lymph and nerves Secondary dentine causes the pulp cavity to narrow with age
47
What is the role of the periodontium?
Attach support Protect
48
What is the anatomy of the gingiva
Squamous epitheliuym Dense fibrous layer closely bound to the periosteum Reflects into the CEJ to form the gingival sulcus
49
What is the anatomy of the cementum
Peripheral to dentine or enamel attachment for periodontal fibres Completely covers herbivore teeth
50
What is the anatomy of the periodontal ligament?
Series of angled collagen fibres that supports the tooth Acts as a shock absorber by spreading load into the whole socket
51
What is the anatomy of the tooth root?
Cementum dentine Root canal Apex- apical dentine Can be single or multirooted, apical to the CEJ
52
What is meant by open roots?
Root apex open so continually grows and erupts
53
What is meant by closed roots?
Root apex is closed Tooth erupts slowly and continuously Tooth erupts to a fixed height in carnivores
54
What is the nerve supply to the maxilla
Infraorbital nerve sensory branches to tooth roots
55
What is the nervous supply to the mandible?
Mandibular nerve Travels throught the mandibular canal, sensory branches to tooth roots and motor to masticatory muscles
56
What is the function of ameloblast in the embryological developement of the teeth?
Form inner most layer Form enamel Form epithelial cells
57
What is the enamel organ?
Forms above the dental papillae, helps to form enamel and the initiation of dentin formation
58
What is the function of the odontoblasts in the embyrological development of the tooth?
Form alveolar bone Located in the outer layer making dentin
59
What is the bud stage in the embyological development of the tooth?
Gradual differentiation of various cell types of the tooth
60
What is the cap stage in the embyrological development of the tooth?
Bud infolds forming upper dental cap Neural crest is derived from mesenchyme underneath = dental papilla cap Dental papilla cap reamins connected to the epithelium via a cord of cells = shoots under the buds
61
What is the function of the dental sac?
Provides cementum+ alveolar bone + blood supplt
62
Tridan system
UR= 1 UL= 2 LR= 3 LL= 4 the second and third number tell you exactly which tooth it is incisors = 01, 02, 03 canines = 04 premolars = 05, 06, 07, 08 molars = 09, 10, 11
63
How do animals eat and breath at the same time?
by sealing off th buccal cavity and oropharynx from the common pharynx Seal is made by tongue against soft palate and soft palate against epiglottis
64
How do snakes eat and breath at the same time?
larynx is rostrally caudal to mandibular symphysis As the mandibular symphysis widens the larynx can protrude outside the buccal cavity so is not compressed by the prey
65
What anatomical structures are involved in prehension?
Tongue Lips Canine teeth Incisor teeth
66
What are the anatomical structures in the head involved with mastication
jaws, teeth, skull, tempromandibular joint. jaw muscles, tounge muscles and buccal muscles
67
What are the anatomical structures of the head involved in swallowing?
tongue, soft pallate, epiglottis, larynx, laryngopharynx
68
How is eating different in reptiles and fish?
Prey items swallowed whole Some fish can tear prey reptiles use feet to pull prey apart
69
Which animals do not have salivary glands?
Fish
70
What is a salivary mucocele?
pathological accumulation of saliva in the ducts or the capsule of the glands due to blockage. A mucocele under the tongue is called a ranula.
71
What is the embryological origin of the gut epithelium?
Endoderm
72
Where is the transition between skeletal muscles of the oral cavity and the smooth muscle of the stomach?
oesophagus (cats, pigs + horses) have extensive smooth muscle in other species mainly skeletal muscle until last part of the oesophagus
73
Why is dental decay rare in domestic animals?
Saliva is not acidic so calcium phosphate doesn't dissolve
74
Which cranial nerve provides skin sensation of the lips?
upper V2 and lower V3
75
Which CN moves the lips
CN VII
76
Which cranial nerve opens the jaw
CN V and VII
77
Which cranial nerve moves the tongue
CN XII
78
Which cranial nerve is for taste?
rostral 2/3 = VII Causal third is IX larynx is X
79
Which cranial nerve closes the jaw?
V3
80
Which cranial nerve allows swallowing ?
Lots but mainly XII IX X assisted by V and VII
81
When passing a stomach tube which routes would you use for cattle?
Nasal Oral but need a gag Calves and lambs oral but do not need a gag
82
What is the stomach tube route in the horse?
Nasal
83
What is the stomach tube route in the dog?
Oral with gag
84
When passing and endotracheal tube what are the issues in horses?
Long soft palate and layrnx sits well into the nasopharynx
85
What is the embyrological origin of the ameloblasts and what do they produce?
Neural ectoderm and produce enamel
86
What is the embryological ectoderm of the odontoblasts and what do they product?
Mesenchyme Form dentine
87
What is a vescicle - oral microbiology?
Circumscribed epidermal elevation in skin containing clear fluif Usually less than 5mm in diameter
88
What is a bulla - oral microbio?
A vescical which has a diameter of more than 5 mm
89
What is erosion- oral microbio?
Partial loss of epidermis that does not penetrate beneath the basal laminar zone
90
What is an ulcer in relation to oral microbiology?
Loss of epidermis and dermis
91
What are 3 vesicular diseases which are notifiable and cause oral lesions in farm animals?
Foot and mouth Swine vesicular disease Vesicular stomatitis
92
What causes foot and mouth?
Apthovirus - picornviridae family
93
What are the clinical signs for foot and mouth disease in cattle?
Fever Loss of appetite Decreased milk production 24 hrs later = profuse salivation , drooling, vesicles develop on tongue and gums vesicles can form around toes and coronary band= lameness
94
What is the first sign of foot and mouth disease in pigs?
Lameness is first sign
95
How is foot and mouth disease diagnosed?
Lab Detection of foot and mouth disease viral antigen in tissue and fluid samples by ELISA
96
What causes swine vesicular virus?
Picronaviridae, enterovirus which are non enveloped and RNA viruses
97
What are the common lesions with swine vesicular disease?
Lesions on coronary band and less commonly on the snout
98
What are the causes of vesicular stomitis virus
Part of rhabdoviridae family Single stranded negative sense genome
99
What is the epidemiology of vesicular somtitis virus?
Enters the body through breaks in the mucosa and skin
100
What is the pathogenesis of Vesicular stomitis virus?
Vesicles develop at the sight of infection and spread locally by spread of the primary lesion
101
What are the clinical signs of VSV?
cattle and horses= fever and excessive salivation Pigs= lameness
102
What causes FCV?
calcicuiviridae, vesivirus Positive sense RNA small and non enveloped
103
What causes FHV?
Herpeviridae Alphaherpes virus Feline herpes virus 1 large double stranded DNA enveloped
104
What are the acute signs of cat flu and state what are the characteristic signs of FCV and FHV?
sneezing nasal discharge Dehydration pyrexia Oral ulceration= FCV Corneal ulceration= FHV
105
What are the non viral causes of vesicle formation?
Chemical or physical Photosensitisation Autoimmune
106
Plaque
biofilm or microorganisms and it forms its own microenvironment
107
What is the non specific antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity
Saliva flow Mucins and agglutination
108
What are the innate antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity
Lysozymes Lactoferrins Antimicrobial peptides PMNs/neutrophiles
109
What are the adaptive antimicrobial factors of the oral cavity?
Serum immunoglobulins Antibodies Complement
110
How does dental plaque develop?
1. Glycoproteins deposited =colonisation 2. microcolonies with polysaccharides, salivary proteins and glycoproteins form. aerobic growth of pioneer species. streptococci + actinomycetes colonise the dental biofilm 3.growth of biofilm with matrix this leads to environment for anaerobic growth 4. anaerobic bacteria and increased structure and diversity. Porphyromonas, establish in developed plaque 5. mineral deposition occurs 6.Nutrition, pH and flora varies = more bacteria colonising 7. redox lowers as collagen conserved this favours obligate anaerobes
111
Porphyromonas
Porphyromonas, gram negative anaerobic bacteria, rods
112
State the factors affecting plaque development
Ageing Allogenic development - non microbial Autogenic- changes in microbiology Bacterial factors
113
Calculus
Mineralised phosphate deposited around the bacteria
114
How does gingivitis develop?
Plaque changes microenvironment Anaerobes establish and mineral deposition occurs Subgingival deposits trigger inflammation Bacteria secrete enzymes weakening the tissue= more damage
115
3 common oral cavity diseases?
Dental caries Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions Cat bite abscesses
116
2 surfact/soft tissue infections of the oral cavity
Mycological infection Lumpy jaw
117
What are actinomyce sp
bacteria of the oral carvity faculatibe anaerobes gram positive opportunistic pathogen slow growth rate colonises the mucous membranes which can lead to a branched network of hypae forming
118
Streptococcus sp
bacteria of the oral cavity faculative anaerobe gram positive cocci early coloniser for plaque haemolytic activities
119
Neissera sp
bacteria of the oral cavity faculative anerobe gram negative diplococci found in plaque
120
Fusobacterium sp
oral bacteria anaerobic gramm negative rods infections involve mucous membranes and underling tissues of the oral cavity epithelium
121
Candida sp
yeasts of the oral cavity normal component of oral microflora
122
Vmax
theoretical saturation point of enzymes
123
Km
is the substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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