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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Endocrinology Basics (y1/2) > Flashcards

Endocrinology Basics (y1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind?

A

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus

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2
Q

Where do water soluble hormones bind?

A

Receptors on cell surface

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3
Q

Where are the exocrine cells of the pancreas located?

A

Acini (clusters)

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4
Q

Where are the endocrine cells of the panrcreas located?

A

Amongst the acini - islets of langerhans

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5
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the pancreatic islet and what do they each secrete?

A

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
F cell - pancreatic polypeptide

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6
Q

What are the 3 targets of insulin?

A

Liver
Muscle
Adipose Tissue

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7
Q

Which 3 organs are NOT insulin dependent?

A

Brain (although NEEDS glucose)
Kidney
Intestine

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8
Q

What action does glucose have at a molecular level?

A

Inserts GLUT 4 transporters into cell wall.

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9
Q

What action does glucose have at a cellular level?

A

inc glucose metabolism

inc glycogen, protein and triglyceride synthesis

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10
Q

What action does glucose have at a tissue level?

A

decrease plasma glucose by:
inc transport into cells
OR
inc metabolic use

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11
Q

Apart from inc blood glucose, what 3 things may increase insulin secretion?

A

Inc plasma AA’s
Anticipatory release of GI hormones
Inc Parasympathetic activity during/post meal

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12
Q

What is the role of glucagon at a tissue level?

A

Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Ketogenesis

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13
Q

Which tissue is the target of glucagon?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What is glucagon released in response to?

A

Dec plasma glucose
Inc plasma AA’s
Parasympathetic & SYMP (stress) activity

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15
Q

What is the role of somatostatin?

A

Decrease Growth Hormone

Stop insulin/glucagon release

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16
Q

What is the role of Pancreatic Polypeptide?

A

Unknown! increases after meals

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17
Q

What is Type 1 DM?

A

Inadequate insulin secretion

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18
Q

What is Type 2 DM?

A

Abnormal target cell response to insulin

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19
Q

What are the signs of DM?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Weight loss - low protein synth and low glucose cause muscle breakdown
PU/PD
ketoacidosis

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20
Q

What does the pituitary consist of?

A

2 fused glands:
AP: endocrine
PP: neural extension

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21
Q

What is secreted by the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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22
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the AP?

A

Portal Capillary System

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24
Q

How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the PP?

A

In vesicles down neuron cell body

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25
What are the 6 hormones secreted by the AP?
FLAT PiG: ``` FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH ```
26
What are the 3 releasing hormones that affect the AP?
TRH CRH GnRH
27
Where is thyroid hormone produced?
Thryoid Gland: | Follicular cells and T3/T4 assembled in colloid
28
How long does the supply of T3/T4 last in the thyroid?
2-3m
29
What is the main hormonal product of the thyroid gland?
T4
30
Which thyroid hormone is the most biologically active?
T3
31
Where is T3 produced?
Thyroid Gland | AND converted from T4 in peripheral tissues?
32
What is the role of the thyroid hormones?
``` Increase BMR Enhanced CHO utilisation Growth & development CV stimulant Promotes milk production ```
33
On which two organs does negative feedback from the thyroid occur?
AP | Hypothalamus
34
What are the 4 major signs of hyperthyroidism?
inc appetite and WL Hyperthermia Inc HR Excitable
35
What are the 5 major signs of hypothyroidism?
``` Weight gain but no inc appetite Hypothermia Lethargy/Poor exercise tolerance Dec HR Dullness ```
36
Where is the adrenal gland in relation to the kidney?
Craniomedially
37
What are the 4 layers of the adrenal gland and what do they produce?
Cortex: Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoid Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoid Zona Reticularis: androgens Medulla: Adrenaline/Noradrenaline
38
What is the role of cortisol?
``` Liver: gluconeogenesis Other tissues: dec glucose uptake Adipose: Lipolysis Muscle: breakdown Immune: suppression ```
39
How do glucocorticoids aid vasoconstriction?
MUST be present for catecholamines to have vasoconstrictive effect
40
Which hormone stimulates the production of cortisol and sex steroids?
ACTH
41
What are the 3 causes of HAC?
Pituitary Dep HAC Adrenal Dep HAC Iatrogenic HAC
42
What are the clinical signs of HAC?
``` hyperglycaemia PUPD Tissue wastage Muscle weakness Pot Belly Hyperpigmentation ```
43
what is the role of mineralocorticoids?
Sodium/potassium regulation in the blood eg Aldosterone
44
What are the two major regulators of aldosterone?
Ang II and K+
45
What two factors induce the release of catecholamines?
Stress | Hypoglycaemia
46
What are the 4 major functions of catecholamines?
Increase Cardiac output means more blood to the skeletal muscle Increase plasma glucose Increase the breakdown of triglycerides
47
What is the target of GH and what is the effect?
Liver - IGF-1 production
48
What are the 3 effects of GH release?
Protein synthesis Lipolysis Inhibit glucose uptake
49
What increases GH secretion? (4 S's)
CNS input Strenuous physical activity Starvation/dec plasma glucose Stress
50
What is the pathway for the release of GH?
GHRH & somatostatin from hypothalamus --> GH from AP
51
What is acromegaly caused by?
Chronic excess of GH
52
What are the clincial fetaures of acromegaly and why?
Insulin resistant DM Excessive extremity growth Prognathism- bulging out of the lower jaw Wide interdental space
53
Where is melatonin secreted from?
Pineal gland
54
What does melatonin control?
Circadian Rhythms
55
When is melatonin secretion increased?
In the dark - causes drowsiness and lower temp
56
Where is ANP secreted from and why?
Atrial cardiac myocytes when there is increased blood volume or atrial stretch.
57
What is the role of ANP?
Counter RAAS - dec BV
58
What is the role of leptin?
Inhibits appetite centre in hypothalamus
59
GLUT 2 is always present on hepatocytes. True or False?
TRUE - glucose can always pass in or out of hepatocytes. Insulin aids this by adding GLUT4.
60
Which insulin is good for acute ketoacidosis, but not regular use?
Crystalline Zinc
61
What is the advantage of lente insulin?
very long DOA (8-24h) but 30m onset
62
How does protamine zinc insulin have such a long DOA?
Protamine forms zinc crystals which slow insulin absorption
63
How should an insulin overdose be treated?
Feed | Give IV glucose
64
How does Metformin help in diabetes?
dec gluc abs from GIT dec gluc output from liver inc insulin receptor sensitivity
65
How does Glipizide help in diabetes?
stimulates insulin secretion by preventing K+ exiting cell
66
How can we treat an insulinoma medically?
Diazoxide - inhibits insulin secretion by activating K+ and inhibiting Ca in beta cell
67
Why are ketone bodies produced in diabetes?
High glucose in plasma but cant enter cells where it is needed!!
68
Where is TRH produced?
hypothalamus
69
Where is TSH produced?
anterior pituitary
70
Where is T3/T4 produced?
thyroid gland
71
What is the most definitive test for hypothyroidism?
``` TSH stimulation: - Basal T4 - Inject TSH - Repeat T4 NORMAL: increase by >1.5x ```
72
Name 2 thyroid hormone replacement therapies?
Levothyroxine (T4) | Liothyroxine (T3)
73
Which animal has they greater T4 half life; Cats or Dogs? Why?
Dogs - increased levels of TBG. More hormone bound in plasma so cannot activate receptors.
74
What test would you perform on a suspected hyperthyroid cat?
tT4 - if low end of ref interval, use fT4 too
75
What is the T3 suppression test?
Basal tT4 Oral T3 for 3d Normal: 50% suppression
76
Name 3 treatments for hyperthyroidism in cats.
Methimazole Carbimazole Radioactive iodide
77
Why treatment for feline hyperthyroidism requires hospitalisation for 1-4w?
Radioactive Iodide
78
What are changes on a stress leucogram?
Segmented Neutrophilia Monocytosis Lymphocytopenia Eosinopenia
79
What are the 2 causes of HyperAC and what changes can you see on bloodwork for each?
Functioning Adrenal Tumour (inc cortisol, dec ACTH) Functioning Pituitary Tumour (inc cortisol, inc ACTH)
80
What are the signs of a primary hypoadrenocorticism?
Acute Hypovolaemic shock | Bradycardia (^K+)
81
What are the 2 causes of HypoAC and what changes can you see on bloodwork for each?
Primary (dec cortisol, inc ACTH) Secondary (dec cortisol, dec ACTH)
82
What are the two tests for adrenocortical Dz?
ACTH Stim | Dex ST
83
Name 2 SHORT acting glucocorticoids.
Hydrocortisone | Cortisone
84
Name 3 intermediate acting glucocorticoids.
Prednisone Prednisolone Methylpred
85
Name 2 LONG acting glucocorticoids.
Betamethasone | Dexmethasone
86
Name 2 drugs commonly used to treat PDH orADH.
Trilostane - inhibits c/s synthesis Mitotane - cytotoxic to ZF & ZR
87
Which adrenal steroid inhibitor should NOT be used in pregnant animals, and why?
Trilostane - inhibits progesterone synthesis
88
What is the main role of PTH?
Prevent hypocalcaemia - dec Ca in ECF stimulates secretion
89
What is the main role of Calcitonin?
Prevent hypercalcaemia - inc Ca in ECF stimulates secretion
90
What are the 3 main targets of PTH?
Bone Intestine Kidneys
91
What is the main target of calcitonin?
Bone
92
What are 3 ECG signs that IV Ca administration should be stopped?
Elevated ST segment Short QT intervals Arrhythmias
93
State the 2 anti-diuretic drugs used to treat DI and state which is better and why.
Vasopressin Desmopressin: better as less vasoconstriction and longer DOA

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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