Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main components of horses feed?
A
Water - clean bucket or trough
Grazing - grass
Hay- haylage or from hay net
Concentrates - bucket
2
Q
What should be the main components of a horses diet?
A
Roughage/ forage
Give w vitamin and mineral supplementation
Fulfils psychological need to chew
Variable nutrititive value = negative
3
Q
What are the 2 main types of roughage?
A
fresh plant matter or conserved plant matter
4
Q
What is hay and what are its major properties?
A
Grass that is cut and dried in the summer months
High in fibre, Ca and K
Contains vit A, E and K
Lower in phosphorus
Low in starch and digestible energy
Should have less than 20% water
5
Q
Which hay is higher in proteins?
A
Legumes - 20%
Grasses often have less than 4%
6
Q
Compare steaming and soaking of hay
A
Soaking = submerged in water- good for horses on restricted diet
Steaming = steam chamber - good for horses w resp issues
Both cause a variable amount of WSC leaching
7
Q
What is haylage?
A
Grass is cut and stored in oxygen limited facility
Baled with 35-40% moisture
Keeps 90% feed value of the grass
Minimal dust and spores
8
Q
What are concentrates usually made of? EQuine
A
Seeds from cereal plants
Rice oats and barely = high in fibre as fused husk = require processing before ingestion
Concentrates are palatable and have digestible energy and starch
Low in Ca and Vitamins
9
Q
Moisture content
A
Amount of water present in the feed
10
Q
Dry matter
A
Material remaining after water is removed
11
Q
What is the dry matter of the different feeds for horses?
A
Hay 85-90%
Haylage 60-75%
Concentrates 80-90%
Spring grass 30%
12
Q
What are macronutrients?
A
Carbs
Lipids
Protein
All are organic
13
Q
What are the main actions of the equine physiology in the digestion of CHOs?
A
Bacterial fermentation
Hydrolysed by digestive enzymes
Hydrolysable simple sugars -> monosaccharides and disaccharides
14
Q
How is starch digested equine?
A
Starch -> glucose in SI
Rapidly fermented in hind gut
Large quantities = digestive upset
15
Q
How are non digestibles digested by horses?
A
Mammalian enzymes
Undergo bacterial fermentation to VFAs in the LI
16
Q
What are non digestible products for horses?
A
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
Fructan
All fermented to VFAs
17
Q
What is a non structural carbohydrate?
A
Hydrolysable CHO specific to horses
Water soluble, ethanol soluble or starch (enzyme )
NSC analysis is used to calc the proportion of CHO that can be directly analysed folleing extraction in water, ethanol or by enzyme hydrolysis
18
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins and where are they found in horses>
A
Vitamin D - synth in skin with sunlight and present in sun cured forage
Vitamin A and E - found in variable amounts in pasture and hay
19
Q
What are the water soluble vitamins and where are they found in horses?
A
Vitamin B complex and Vit K - Synthesised by microbes in the LI
Vitamin C- Synthesised by the horse
20
Q
What are the macrominerals - equine?
A
Calcium,
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulphur
21
Q
What are the microminerals - equine?
A
Cobalt
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Iron
Iodide
22
Q
Why are salt licks required for horses?
A
Commercial diets usually low in sodium and chloride so need ad lib access
23
Q
How should calcium and phosphorous be balanced for horses?
A
2 parts Ca to 1 part P
Too much P will cause bone abnormalities
V important in pregnant or lactating horses and young growing horses
24
Q
What are the 6 main stpes for ration calculation for horses?
A
BW and BCS
Workload and production
Individual
Dry matter requirements
Forage requirements
Digestible energy requirements
25
Where is BCS assessed in horses?
Neck
Ribs
Pelvis
Each given score out of 5
26
What individual factors may affect the ration calculation for horses?
Age
Physiological state
Individual preference
27
Dry matter intake should be ____% of a horses BW
2% never below 1.5 %
28
If a horse is doing light or moderate work then the DMI should increase to?
1.5-2.5% light
1.75-2.5% moderate work
29
How does HR relate to workload for horses?
Very heavy = 110-150
Heavy= 110
Moderate= 90
Light = 80
Maintenance= 28-44
30
What are the properties of donkeys diets?
Extremely efficient at digesting poor quality fibre
Low energy requirment
Lows of chewing branches
Sparse paddock w bushes and hedges
Vitamin and mineral provision via a daily balancer mixed w chaff
31
What health issues can a poor diet cause in horses?
Poor performance
Weight issues
Equine metabolic syndrome
Dental overgrowths
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome
Myopathy
Dysbiosis
Colic
32
What is the impact of too much grass for horses?
Fructans not broken down by SI so enter hind gut
Rapidly fermented -> lactic acid and VFA
Lactic acid not absorbed in hindgut or used by bacteria
Lactic acid lowers pH = leakage of endotoxin across gut wall
= laminitis
33
What are the risks of raw meat or homemade diets?
Vegetarian cats= no taurine or arginine
Miss out on Ca = MBD
Raw meat pathogens
Not balanced
Bioavailability of nutrition
34
What are the human health risks of raw diets?>
E coli
Salmonella
35
Rough grazing
little or no additional inputs to the common land
36
Permanent pasture
Land in grassland production
poorer fields with streams
lower yielding
37
Short term leys or temporary pasture
Part of rotation normally
Better quality land
clovers to enhance protein
38
Continuous grazing
few fields rather than lots of paddocks
permenant pastures over grassland
allows for selective grazing - problem of matching grass growth - animal
39
What type of field is most likely to be grazed with a continuous system?
Permanent pastures over temporary grass land
40
Zero grazing
Grass is cut and carter to animals daily
high output per hectar
High input
Risk of machine breakdown
41
Rotational grazing
21-28 days rotation on lots of paddocks
Spare paddocks are conserved
Can strip graze within paddocks
Allows paddocks to grow when there is no livestock feeding on there
42
Strip grazing
use of temporary fences to control access to fresh grazing
43
Crops grazed in the UK
Kale
turnips
triticale
IRG
44
Back fencing
Fencing off back bit of field and moving it further back to reveal fresh grass each time
45
Leader follower grazing
priority group graze the best grass first and follower group eat the rest after
46
Creep grazing
smaller animals are allowed to go from one pasture to another through openings in a fence to get better grass
47
Poaching
Grassland subject to mechanical damage from hooves
reduced using different entrances and exits
48
How is the dry matter of a field measured?
Stick ruler
Measure height of grass
into equation
Measures dry feed
49
Deferred grazing
removal of livestock from grassland in late august for growth of grass until november
Reduces demand for winter forage stock
50
Italian rygrass
Biennial
Rapid growth
High yield
low land rotation with arable crops
51
Perennial rygrass
High tillering capacity
High rainfall and milder winters
52
When is sward high in clover used?
Finishing weaned lambs
increases lamb gain
gives better performance mid to late summer
53
Benefits of herbal leys
Soil strucutre
Resilience in dry
Nitrogen fixation from legume species
Extends grazing season
benefits carbon sequestration
Anthelmintic properties
Biodiversity increased
54
What happens around urine and faecal deposits in grazing?
Urine = uneven scorches in pasture
Faeces = suppresses growth of grass
55
Grass silage
Pickled pasture
food that has been fermented
56
Maize silage
susectible to aerobic spoilage
Made out of whole ensiled maize plants
High DM and sugar contents mean it is easy to ferment
57
Whole crop ceral silage
harvesting whole cereal plant and store anaerobically
58
Role of IgG, IgA and IgM
G - absorbed across git to provide systemic protection
A- mucosal protection by preventing attachment of pathogens
M- agglutination of pathogens
59
How is colostrum absorbed?
SI-> lymphoreticular system-> blood stream
60
How can FPT go wrong?
Cleanliness
Quality
Delivery
61
What are the sources of colostrum
Dams colostrum
Fresh colostrum from another dam
Stored colostrum from another dam
Replacement colostrum
Colostrum from another species
62
Why is the cleanliness of colostrum so important
Bacteria double every 20 minutes
Interference with IgG absorption
can be pasturised
63
What is the cut for the brix refractometer?
22%
Measures protein refraction
Decent correlatation with IgG but not quantitative
Not temp sensitive
64
What is ZST?
Indirect measure of immunoglobulin concentration in the serum
Mix with zinc sulphase and degree of turbidity is directly related to the Ig content
65
Why is colostrum less important in puppies?
Passive immunity acquired in utero and via colostrum
66
What are the targets for preruminant rearing?
0.8kg/d
DMI 2% BW
67
How can the microbiome of a ruminant be improved?
Starch
Fibre
68
At 2-3 weeks calves utilitse fat as ...
Pancreatic lipase develops
69
How long does it take for a calf to utilise concentrate as energy?
3-4 weeks
70
What are the types of milk feed?
LIquid whole milk
Milk replacer - dired milk powder
71
Dairy cow maintenance energy requirements
10MJ ME/day per 100kg
72
Dairy cow lactation energy requirements
5 MJ ME/litre
73
airy cow energy requirements in preganacy
20MJ/d at dry off
45 MJ ME/Day at calving
74
What are the energy requirements for loss and weight gain in dairy cows?
354 MJ ME/Kg gain
-20MJ ME/kg loss
75
What are the feeding systems for cows?
Individual feeding
Total mixed ration feeding
76
How will negative energy balance affect dairy cows?
Reduced milk quality
Decreased fertility
Impaired immune function - mastitis
77
How can negative energy balance be avoided in dairy cows?
Maximise feed intake pre and post calving
Formulate appropriate pre and post calving diets
Easy to overfeed cows during the dry period
78
How can hypercalcaemia occur in dairy cows?
Suddent increase in calcium demand at calving
Hard to mobilise the stores rapidly
79
How is % digestibility calculated?
100X (intake- faecal)/intake
80
What factors affect digestibility?
Food composition
diet/ration composition
Preparation
Enzyme supplementation
81
Lignin
Lignin is a complex cross linked polymer of three derivatives of phenylpropane
82
What are the 3 derivateds that make up lignin
Coumaryl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol
Sinaplvl alcohol
83
What is crude fibre measurement split into?
Neutral detergent fibre
Acid detergent fibre
Modified acid detergent fibre
84
What % of gross energy is made up from digestible energy?
45-85%
85
Define the heat increment
The difference between metabolisable energy and net energy
86
What are the trends in conversion efficiency
As level of production increases k decreases
because more food eaten then gut transit time decreases = less available time to extract nutrients
87
- Metabolic rate
Expenditure of energy per given time
88
- Basal metabolic rate
Energy expenditure for basic life processes tends to be predominantly used for human
89
- Fasting metabolic rate
Animal version of BMR generally higher then BMR as movement occurs
90
- Maintenance metabolic rate
The amount of energy a non productive animals requires to live
91
- Field metabolic rate
Includes energy required to hunt graze, socially interact and reproduce
92
- Mass specific metabolic rate
= metabolic intensity= metabolic rate/ kg body mass
- metabolic rate tends to be higher in small animals
- If body weight expressed as metabolic body mass = wt^0.75 then relationship is linear
93
What are the 6 main categories of pig nutrition?
Water - 2-3kg per kg dry feed
Carbs
Fat
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
94
How are the energy requirements for pigs expressed
Net energy
95
What influences net energy requirements for pigs?
weight
Genetic capacity for lean tissue or milk production
Environmental temperature
96
As pigs energy density increases
then voluntary feed consumption decreases
97
What is the role of aa from dietary proteins in pigs?
maintenance
muscle growth
Development of foetuses
Milk production
98
How many essential amino acids do pigs have?
10/22
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine - limiting amino acid
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
99
Role of calcium and phosphorus
Skeletal gorowth
Metabolic roles in growth gestation and lactation
100
Sodium and chloride role
need the most in starter diets for pigs
Least in growing and finishing pigs
101
Role of iron and copper in pigs
enzyme systems
Needed for HgB formation and therefore prevention of nutritional anaemia
should be supplemented in first 3 days of life
102
Role of vitamin A in pigs
Fat soluble
Vision
Repro
Growth
Epithelial tissue maintenance
Mucous secretions
103
Role of Vitamin D in pigs
Fat solbule
Bone growth and ossification
104
Role of Vit E in pigs
natural antioxidant
Closely interrelated with selenium
105
Role of VIt K in pigs
Fat soluble
Normal blood clotting
106
Role of niacin in pigs
Component of coenzymes involved with metabolism of carbs fats and proteins
107
Role of pantothenic acid
Component of co enzyme A- important enzyme in energy metabolism
108
What are the starter feeds for pigs?
Pellets
Meal
Crumbs
109
Why are complex starter diets better than simple starter diets?
COmplex contain digestible ingredients
Better facilitate weaning process and increase post weaning intake
110
Weaner pig nutritional requirments
Net energy- 10-0.7
Crude protein - 19-22
Crude fibre - 2-3.5
111
What is the average category for a weaner pig weight?
6-13kg
112
Why are ruminants more likely to suffer mineral problems?
Not fed complete diets meaning they might not eat enough roughage to get feed
Usually fed at herd level
Constantly working so have high vitamin and mineral requirments
113
How is feed ashed?
500 degrees celsius in a muffle furnace
so all carbon containing content is burnt off
Residue is just organic products
114
What is acid insoluble ash?
mainly silica
115
In ruminants, cadmium lead and arsenic are
toxic and non essential trace elements
116
What are the clinical signs of copper deficiency in ruminants?
- sway back (enzootic neonatal ataxia)
- Hair/wool keratinisation and pigmentation
- Bone disorders such as oesteoporosis and impaired oesteoblastic activity
- Anaemia
- Infertility
- Immune function
- Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress
- Impaired glucose metabolism
117
How does primary copper deficiency occur?
insufficient copper levels
118
How does secondary copper deficiency occur?
Copper binds with dietary sulphur and iron becoming unavailable
Sulphur and molybedenum can form a complex in the rumen = thiomolybdate which attracts copper
Both are copper lock up
119
What will occur if there is not enough copper in the rumen?
thiomolybdte can absorb into the blood and interfere with biological copper
Thiomolybdate toxicity
120
How is copper absorbed in the intestines?
Copper can compete with cadmium iron and zinc for absorption
Unbound thiomolybdate will stop absorption of copper
121
What micromolecule helps with retained placenta?
Selenium will help drops the placenta if the selenium levels are low
If the selenium levels are not low then it wont help
122
What are the clinical signs of B1 thiamin deficiency?
- Loss of appetite
- Emancipation
- Muscular weakness
- Progressive dysfunction of nervous system
- Circling, head pressing, blindness, muscle tremors
- In poultry - paralysis and stargazing, fatty liver and kidney
- Cerebro cortical necrosis - CNN
123
Why are thiamin deficiencies rare?
Because B1 is widely found in food
124
Define vitamin
Organic compounds that are required in small quantities for normal growth and maintenance of animal life
They are both water soluble and fat soluble
125
Define provitamin
Many vitamins are consumed in the pre cursor form as non active which requires chemical change to the function as the vitamin
126
What should we sample for water on farms?
Boreholes
Quarries
MInes
Springs
Rivers/ streams
Conserved rainwater
127
What should we test for in blood samples?
Concentrations eg PlSe
Functional roles such as vitamin b12
Haematology - HCT, HGB, RBC
Metabolites for energy Status and liver function
128
What is the role of a clinical chemistry analyser?
- analyser will run at over 200 samples per hour
- Faster with multi analyte analysis
- Runs colorimetric assays
- Substrates/enzymes
129
How should we sample when monitoring nutrition?
- Generally not interested in individuals
- Animal samples
- At least 6 animals per farm but preferably 10% of herd
- At least 4 samples from each subgroup
- Life stages such as heifers, dry, fresh, early
- The forgotten group -in calf heifers
- Sheep - different fields are different groups
- Do not sample ill animals
130
How can we treat mineral imbalances?
In feed
Direct to animal
Free access to minerals such as mineral licks
Pasture dressing
Changing environment
131
What is bioavailabilitt?
the amount of a nutrient or vitamin available for utilisation by the animal
132
What can we supplement with when bioavailability is an issue?
Inorganic minerals
Simple chemical compounds that are bound to something means that they escape digestion in a certain area and are absorbed via a different route
