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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Canine GI Tract > Flashcards

Canine GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How does the GI tract process food?

A

Ingestion- prehension, mastication, deglutition (swallowing)
Absorption- compaction and peristalsis
Digestion- mechanical and chemical
Excretion- defecation

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2
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

A tube from the mouth to the anus
Alimentary tract and accessory organs

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3
Q

Alimentary tract

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine

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4
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Where is the esophagus commonly obstructed?

A

Thoracic inlet
Base of the heart
Esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Store food for churning and move chyme to the small intestine

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7
Q

Stomach position when it’s empty

A

Left side of the abdomen

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8
Q

Stomach position when it’s fully filled

A

Moved caudally contracting ventral body wall

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9
Q

Where are the cardia, fundus and body located?

A

Left of the midline

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10
Q

Angular notch

A

Indentation on the concave lesser curvature of the stomach

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11
Q

Pylorus

A

Sphincteric termination of the stomach
Right of the mid-line
Joins body to the descending duodenum
3 parts: pyloric antrum, p. canal and p. sphincter
Relatively fixed

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12
Q

Stomach in a healthy dog

A

Non-palpable but freely movable

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13
Q

Interior of the stomach

A

Gastric mucosa made of cardiac (mucous), proper gastric (pepsin and HCL) and pyloric (mucous)
Rugae (empty mucosa and submucosa are thrown into folds)

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14
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

A

Occurs within 2 hours of eating
Dilation occurs with accumulation of gas, fluid and food within the stomach

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15
Q

What breeds is GDV most common in?

A

Most common in large deep chested dogs like great danes and german shepherd

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of GDV?

A

Abdominal distention
Restlessness
Abdominal pain
Attempts to vomit (retching)
Hypersalivation

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17
Q

How does GDV affect the pyloris?

A

Pylorus rotates 90-360 degree clockwise direction from right to left over the fundus and body

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18
Q

What happens to the stomach with GDV?

A

Distended stomach compresses the cd. vena cava and portal vein to reduce the venous return to heart
Gastric contents ferments and stomach dilates
Attempts to vomit, usually unsuccessful

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19
Q

How is the duodenum affected by GDV?

A

Duodenum becomes trapped between distal esophagus and stomach

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20
Q

What are the affects of GDV?

A

Decreased cardiac output
Hypolemic shock and metabolic acidosis
Hypotension and tissue hypoxia
Liver can’t clear gram neg endotoxins–> endotoxemia

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21
Q

What are the treatments of GDV?

A

IVFs
Gastric decompression (orogastric tube)
Gastrocentesis (18 gauge needle, right side of the abdomen)

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22
Q

Small intestine

A

Major digestive organ and main site for absorption
Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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23
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?

A

Plicae cicularis (villi and microvilli)

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24
Q

Duodenum parts

A

Cr. duodenal flexure (r. side of midline)
Descending duodenum (r. side of midline)
Cd. duodenal flexure (near pelvic midline)
Duodenojejunal flexure

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25
Q

Mesoduodenum

A

Attaches the duodenum to abdominal roof/ abdominal wall

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26
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption

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27
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A

R. and l. medial
R. and l. lateral
Quadrate lobe
Caudate lobe- caudate and papillary process

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28
Q

Quadrate lobe

A

Between right and left medial lobes
Contact the gall bladder

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29
Q

Caudate lobe

A

Caudate process- renal impression of right kidney
Papillary process- lies along lesser curvature of stomach

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30
Q

Gall bladder

A

Temporary storage of bile
Located beween r. medial and quadrate lobes
Hepatic duct and cystic duct

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31
Q

Hepatic duct and cystic duct

A

Drains lobes into gall bladder
Inactive digestion

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32
Q

Common bile duct

A

Formed by union of cystic and hepatic ducts
Opens on major duodenal pailla
One duct in cats (80%)

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33
Q

What is the functional bile flow?

A
  1. Inactive digestion periods
  2. Active digestion periods
34
Q

Inactive digestion periods

A

Papilla closed by smooth mm sphincter
Bile flow upward through cystic duct into gall bladder

35
Q

Active digestion periods

A

Hormonal actions opens sphincter
Cystic contractions forces bile out of gall bladder

36
Q

Active digestion periods

A

Hormonal actions opens sphincter
Cystic contractions forces bile out of gall bladder

37
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine: digestive enzymes- lipase and amaylase
Endocrine: hormones, insulin, glucagon and gastrin

38
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Small, joins the bile duct and open via major duodenal papilla (dog)
Large in cats

39
Q

Accessory ducts

A

Large in dogs
Usually absent in cats (no minor papilla)
Opens via minor duodenal papilla

40
Q

Jejunum

A

Bulk of small intestine, long, mobile mesentery
Fills the space between the stomach and pelvic inlet

41
Q

Mesojejunoileum

A

Forms root of mesentery
Contains cr. mesenteric artery
Long mesentery

42
Q

Significance of the Mesojejunoileum

A

Freely movable and liable to herniate through epiploic foramen

43
Q

What are the boundaries of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Dorsally: caudate lobe and cd. vena cava
Ventrally: portal vein
Cranially: liver

44
Q

Ileum

A

Short terminal part of small intestine
Has anti-mesenteric blood vessels
Opens into large intestine at ileocolic orifice

45
Q

Intussusception

A

Condition where the ileum slides into an adjacent part of the colon
Oral or aboral
Occurs in certain anatomical changes, peristaltic activity or due to 2 degree condition

46
Q

What can venous obstruction lead to?

A

Necrosis

47
Q

Where does Intussusception occur?

A

Young animals at ileocolic junction

48
Q

Resection and anastomosis

A

Incise into the abdomen and inspect intussusception is found
Place intussusception site outside the abdomen on moistened lap sponges
Use absorbable suture

49
Q

What is the clinical significance of the jejunum?

A

Common site of obstruction
A wide variety of foreign objects may be ingested (young dogs)

50
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
Rectum (anal canal)

51
Q

Cecum

A

Right of median plane
Blind ended sac joined to ileum by ileocecal fold
Not much significance clinically

52
Q

How does the cecum commincate with ascending colon?

A

Via cecocolic orifice

53
Q

Shapes of cecum?

A

Dog- corkscrew
Cat- comma shape

54
Q

Colon

A

Ascending- right of midline (r. colic flexure)
Transverse- cr. to root of mesentery (l. colic flexure)
Descending- l. of midline

55
Q

Duodenocolic fold

A

Peritoneal fold
Connecting ascending duodenum to descending colon

56
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Duodenocolic fold?

A

Don’t confuse with adhesion!!!

57
Q

Rectum

A

Anal canal
Columnar zone
Intermediate zone
Cutaneous zone- paranal sinuses (opening of excretory duct)

58
Q

Paraanal Sac

A

Located @ 4 and 8 o’clock position
Apocrine and sebaceous glands

59
Q

How is anal continence controlled?

A

Internal anal sphincter (smooth)
External anal sphincter (striated)

60
Q

What is the function of the paraanal sac?

A

Reservoirs of secretion
Anocutaneous junction
Compression of sac at defecation
Territorial scent marking

61
Q

Where are anal sac disease most common?

A

Toy breeds like poodles and chihuahuas
Affects 10% of dogs

62
Q

What are the signs of anal diseases?

A

Behavior changes (scooting, licking, biting at tailhead or anus)
Pain/tenderness with sitting

63
Q

How do you treat anal diseases?

A

Expressing anal sacs regularly before a problem occurs
Add fiber to diet and irrigation with saline

64
Q

How do you treat impacted anal sacs?

A

Anal saculectomy (surgical excision of the sac)

65
Q

What are some different anal sac diseases?

A

Impaction
Infection (sacculitis)
Abscessation
Neoplasia

66
Q

Cd. mesenteric artery

A

Provide blood supply to GIT

67
Q

Cr. mesenteric artery

A

Common trunk
Middle colic artery
R. colic artery
Ileocolic

68
Q

What makes up the aorta artery?

A

Celiac artery
Cr. mesenteric artery
Cd. mesenteric artery
Common hepatic artery
L. gastric artery
Splenic artery

69
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous (methothelium), lines abdominal and pelvic

70
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Lines wall of the abdominal cavity

71
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Closely invests an organ surface

72
Q

Connecting peritoneum

A

Between visceral and parietal (mesentery)
Double folds that connects things

73
Q

Mesentery

A

Bowel to body wall (mesocolon)

74
Q

Omentum

A

Stomach to something else (Great omentum)

75
Q

Fold

A

Connects different parts of bowel (ileocecal fold)

76
Q

Ligament

A

Connects organ other than bowl to body wall or to the bowl (broad ligament)

77
Q

Peritoneum (embryogically) stomach and duodenum

A

Perimordia are attached to dorsal and ventral body wall by dorsal and ventral mesogastrium

78
Q

Peritoneum (embryogically) liver

A

Primodrium grows ventrally and develops between layers of ventral mesogastrium

79
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Part of the ventral mesogastrium between liver and body wall

80
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Part between stomach and liver
Lesser curvature of stomach to liver

81
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Greater curvature to dorsal body wall with superficial and deep leaves

82
Q

Exterior of the stomach

A

Greater and lesser curvature

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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