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Veterinary medicine year 2 > Canine GI Tract > Flashcards

Canine GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How does the GI tract process food?

A

Ingestion- prehension, mastication, deglutition (swallowing)
Absorption- compaction and peristalsis
Digestion- mechanical and chemical
Excretion- defecation

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2
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

A tube from the mouth to the anus
Alimentary tract and accessory organs

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3
Q

Alimentary tract

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine

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4
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Where is the esophagus commonly obstructed?

A

Thoracic inlet
Base of the heart
Esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Store food for churning and move chyme to the small intestine

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7
Q

Stomach position when it’s empty

A

Left side of the abdomen

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8
Q

Stomach position when it’s fully filled

A

Moved caudally contracting ventral body wall

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9
Q

Where are the cardia, fundus and body located?

A

Left of the midline

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10
Q

Angular notch

A

Indentation on the concave lesser curvature of the stomach

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11
Q

Pylorus

A

Sphincteric termination of the stomach
Right of the mid-line
Joins body to the descending duodenum
3 parts: pyloric antrum, p. canal and p. sphincter
Relatively fixed

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12
Q

Stomach in a healthy dog

A

Non-palpable but freely movable

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13
Q

Interior of the stomach

A

Gastric mucosa made of cardiac (mucous), proper gastric (pepsin and HCL) and pyloric (mucous)
Rugae (empty mucosa and submucosa are thrown into folds)

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14
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

A

Occurs within 2 hours of eating
Dilation occurs with accumulation of gas, fluid and food within the stomach

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15
Q

What breeds is GDV most common in?

A

Most common in large deep chested dogs like great danes and german shepherd

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of GDV?

A

Abdominal distention
Restlessness
Abdominal pain
Attempts to vomit (retching)
Hypersalivation

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17
Q

How does GDV affect the pyloris?

A

Pylorus rotates 90-360 degree clockwise direction from right to left over the fundus and body

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18
Q

What happens to the stomach with GDV?

A

Distended stomach compresses the cd. vena cava and portal vein to reduce the venous return to heart
Gastric contents ferments and stomach dilates
Attempts to vomit, usually unsuccessful

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19
Q

How is the duodenum affected by GDV?

A

Duodenum becomes trapped between distal esophagus and stomach

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20
Q

What are the affects of GDV?

A

Decreased cardiac output
Hypolemic shock and metabolic acidosis
Hypotension and tissue hypoxia
Liver can’t clear gram neg endotoxins–> endotoxemia

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21
Q

What are the treatments of GDV?

A

IVFs
Gastric decompression (orogastric tube)
Gastrocentesis (18 gauge needle, right side of the abdomen)

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22
Q

Small intestine

A

Major digestive organ and main site for absorption
Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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23
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?

A

Plicae cicularis (villi and microvilli)

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24
Q

Duodenum parts

A

Cr. duodenal flexure (r. side of midline)
Descending duodenum (r. side of midline)
Cd. duodenal flexure (near pelvic midline)
Duodenojejunal flexure

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25
Mesoduodenum
Attaches the duodenum to abdominal roof/ abdominal wall
26
What is the function of the duodenum?
Enzymatic digestion and absorption
27
What are the lobes of the liver?
R. and l. medial R. and l. lateral Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe- caudate and papillary process
28
Quadrate lobe
Between right and left medial lobes Contact the gall bladder
29
Caudate lobe
Caudate process- renal impression of right kidney Papillary process- lies along lesser curvature of stomach
30
Gall bladder
Temporary storage of bile Located beween r. medial and quadrate lobes Hepatic duct and cystic duct
31
Hepatic duct and cystic duct
Drains lobes into gall bladder Inactive digestion
32
Common bile duct
Formed by union of cystic and hepatic ducts Opens on major duodenal pailla One duct in cats (80%)
33
What is the functional bile flow?
1. Inactive digestion periods 2. Active digestion periods
34
Inactive digestion periods
Papilla closed by smooth mm sphincter Bile flow upward through cystic duct into gall bladder
35
Active digestion periods
Hormonal actions opens sphincter Cystic contractions forces bile out of gall bladder
36
Active digestion periods
Hormonal actions opens sphincter Cystic contractions forces bile out of gall bladder
37
What is the function of the pancreas?
Exocrine: digestive enzymes- lipase and amaylase Endocrine: hormones, insulin, glucagon and gastrin
38
Pancreatic duct
Small, joins the bile duct and open via major duodenal papilla (dog) Large in cats
39
Accessory ducts
Large in dogs Usually absent in cats (no minor papilla) Opens via minor duodenal papilla
40
Jejunum
Bulk of small intestine, long, mobile mesentery Fills the space between the stomach and pelvic inlet
41
Mesojejunoileum
Forms root of mesentery Contains cr. mesenteric artery Long mesentery
42
Significance of the Mesojejunoileum
Freely movable and liable to herniate through epiploic foramen
43
What are the boundaries of the jejunum and ileum?
Dorsally: caudate lobe and cd. vena cava Ventrally: portal vein Cranially: liver
44
Ileum
Short terminal part of small intestine Has anti-mesenteric blood vessels Opens into large intestine at ileocolic orifice
45
Intussusception
Condition where the ileum slides into an adjacent part of the colon Oral or aboral Occurs in certain anatomical changes, peristaltic activity or due to 2 degree condition
46
What can venous obstruction lead to?
Necrosis
47
Where does Intussusception occur?
Young animals at ileocolic junction
48
Resection and anastomosis
Incise into the abdomen and inspect intussusception is found Place intussusception site outside the abdomen on moistened lap sponges Use absorbable suture
49
What is the clinical significance of the jejunum?
Common site of obstruction A wide variety of foreign objects may be ingested (young dogs)
50
What are the parts of the large intestine?
Cecum Colon (ascending, transverse, descending) Rectum (anal canal)
51
Cecum
Right of median plane Blind ended sac joined to ileum by ileocecal fold Not much significance clinically
52
How does the cecum commincate with ascending colon?
Via cecocolic orifice
53
Shapes of cecum?
Dog- corkscrew Cat- comma shape
54
Colon
Ascending- right of midline (r. colic flexure) Transverse- cr. to root of mesentery (l. colic flexure) Descending- l. of midline
55
Duodenocolic fold
Peritoneal fold Connecting ascending duodenum to descending colon
56
What is the clinical significance of the Duodenocolic fold?
Don't confuse with adhesion!!!
57
Rectum
Anal canal Columnar zone Intermediate zone Cutaneous zone- paranal sinuses (opening of excretory duct)
58
Paraanal Sac
Located @ 4 and 8 o'clock position Apocrine and sebaceous glands
59
How is anal continence controlled?
Internal anal sphincter (smooth) External anal sphincter (striated)
60
What is the function of the paraanal sac?
Reservoirs of secretion Anocutaneous junction Compression of sac at defecation Territorial scent marking
61
Where are anal sac disease most common?
Toy breeds like poodles and chihuahuas Affects 10% of dogs
62
What are the signs of anal diseases?
Behavior changes (scooting, licking, biting at tailhead or anus) Pain/tenderness with sitting
63
How do you treat anal diseases?
Expressing anal sacs regularly before a problem occurs Add fiber to diet and irrigation with saline
64
How do you treat impacted anal sacs?
Anal saculectomy (surgical excision of the sac)
65
What are some different anal sac diseases?
Impaction Infection (sacculitis) Abscessation Neoplasia
66
Cd. mesenteric artery
Provide blood supply to GIT
67
Cr. mesenteric artery
Common trunk Middle colic artery R. colic artery Ileocolic
68
What makes up the aorta artery?
Celiac artery Cr. mesenteric artery Cd. mesenteric artery Common hepatic artery L. gastric artery Splenic artery
69
Peritoneum
Serous (methothelium), lines abdominal and pelvic
70
Parietal Peritoneum
Lines wall of the abdominal cavity
71
Visceral peritoneum
Closely invests an organ surface
72
Connecting peritoneum
Between visceral and parietal (mesentery) Double folds that connects things
73
Mesentery
Bowel to body wall (mesocolon)
74
Omentum
Stomach to something else (Great omentum)
75
Fold
Connects different parts of bowel (ileocecal fold)
76
Ligament
Connects organ other than bowl to body wall or to the bowl (broad ligament)
77
Peritoneum (embryogically) stomach and duodenum
Perimordia are attached to dorsal and ventral body wall by dorsal and ventral mesogastrium
78
Peritoneum (embryogically) liver
Primodrium grows ventrally and develops between layers of ventral mesogastrium
79
Falciform ligament
Part of the ventral mesogastrium between liver and body wall
80
Lesser Omentum
Part between stomach and liver Lesser curvature of stomach to liver
81
Greater Omentum
Greater curvature to dorsal body wall with superficial and deep leaves
82
Exterior of the stomach
Greater and lesser curvature

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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