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Veterinary medicine year 2 > GI Basics (y1/2) > Flashcards

GI Basics (y1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which salivary gland(s) produce(s) only serous secretions?

A

Parotid

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2
Q

Which salivary gland(s) produce(s) mixed serous/mucous secretions?

A

Mandibular
Buccal
Sublingual

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3
Q

How is salivary secretion controlled?

A 
PARA = increase
SYMP = decrease
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4
Q

What is the role of segmental contractions in the GIT?

A

Breakdown/Mix food

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5
Q

What is the role of peristaltic contractions in the GIT?

A

Move food in right direction

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6
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down carbohydrate?

A

Amylase

Disaccharidase

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7
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down protein?

A

pepsin
trypsin
peptidases

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8
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down fat?

A

Lipase

Phospholipase

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9
Q

Name the muscles of the abdominal wall, from outside to inside.

A

External Abdo Oblique
Internal Abdo Oblique
Transverse Abdo
Rectus Abdo

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominus muscle?

A

O: ventral surface of sternum
I: Cranila border of pelvis

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11
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique m?

A

O: Lateral surface of ribs 4+ & lumbodorsal fascia
I: Linea Alba & pre-pubic tendon

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12
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the interal abdominal oblique?

A

O: coxal tuber/lumbodorsal fascia
I: Linea alba, last rib, caudal rib catrilages

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse abdominal?

A

O: medial surface of caudal rib & deep LS fascia
I: linea alba

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14
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscle of the abdominal wall?

A

T13 & L1-L5

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15
Q

How does the aorta pass from thorax to abdomen?

A

via aortic hiatus in diaphragm

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16
Q

How does the vena cava pass from thorax to abdomen?

A

caval foramen in diaphragm

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17
Q

How does the oesophaguspass from thorax to abdomen?

A

Oesophageal Hiatus

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18
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate
Quadrate
L
R

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19
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the liver?

A

Coronary Ligament
R/L triangular ligs
Falciform/round lig

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20
Q

What are the 3 main areas of the stomach?

A

Fundus (blind-end)
Corpus (body)
Pylorus

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21
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the stomach?

A

Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Gastro-splenic lig

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22
Q

Why may be a spleen be abnormally enlarged on PM?

A

Barbiturate Euthanasia

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23
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the spleen?

A

Gastro-splenic ligament

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24
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

1st part of SI

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25
What are the peritoneal attachments of the duodenum?
Mesodudenum Duodenal-colic fold Hepato-duoenal lig
26
What drains in to the duodenum?
Major Duodenal papilla - bile duct and pancreatic duct | Minor Duodenal papilla - accessory duct
27
Describe the structure of the pancreas.
2 lobes. R: cranio-caudal L: medio-lateral
28
What are the peritoneal attachments of the pancreas?
R: mesoduodenum L: deep leaf of greater omentum
29
Where is the jejunum?
Middle part of SI
30
What are the peritoneal attachments of the jejunum?
Meso-jejunum (fan shaped)
31
Where is the ileum?
Terminal SI - enteric LI at caeco-colic jct
32
What are the peritoneal attachments of the ileum?
Ileo-caecal fold
33
Where is the caecum?
1st part of LI - blind ending sac
34
What are the peritoneal attachments of the caecum?
Ileo-caecal fold
35
Describe the anatomy of the colon.
``` Ascending (R) R colic flexure Transverse L colic flexure Descending (L) Rectum ```
36
What are the peritoneal attachments of the colon?
Meso-colon
37
Where do pre-ganglionic PARASYMP nerve fibres run?
Vagus
38
Where do pre-ganglionic SYMP nerve fibres run?
splanchnic nerves
39
What is the gastro-colic reflex?
Stomach stretch relaxes ileo-colic sphincter to allow passage of food through SI
40
Which hormone stimulates HCl & gastric mucosa production?
Gastrin
41
Which hormone stimulates pancreatic release of HCO3-?
Secretin
42
Which hormone stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes & gall bladder contraction?
Cholecystokinin
43
Which hormone stimulates insulin and inhibits Hcl?
Gastric inhibitory peptide
44
Where is the appetite centre of the brain?
Ventro-lateral hypothalamus
45
Where is the satiety centre of the brain?
Ventro-medial hypothalamus
46
What are the pacemaker cells of the GIT called?
Interstitial cells of Cajal
47
What are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?
Muscoa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa
48
What is the correct name for the lower oesophageal sphincter?
Cardiac sphincter (only anatomical in horses)
49
Which part of the brain controls vomiting?
Medulla - vomiting centre?
50
How does stomach dilatation cause shock?
Impedes venous return to heart via caudal vena cava: circulatory shock.
51
What 4 cell types are contained in the cylindrical glands of the stomach?
Globlet Cells - Mucous Parietal Cells - HCl Chief/Peptic Cells - pepsinogen Entero-endocrine cells - hormones
52
Describe the anatomical pathway of stomach contraction.
``` Fundus (weak) Corpus Pyloric sphincter opens Chyme > duodenum Contractions @ pylorus Pyloric Sphincter Closes ```
53
Where does the majority of starch digestion occur in carnivores?
SI - Amylase needs neutral pH & stomach is acidic
54
What are the 4 functions of HCl in the stomach?
1. Convert pepsinogen to pepsin 2. Acidic environment for pepsin to work 3. Prevents fermentation 4. degrades large chunks into smaller particles
55
In increased Hcl production, where is it common to find GI ulcers?
Duodenum
56
In cases of decreased protective function, where is it common to find GI ulcers?
Gastric Mucosa
57
What are the two aims of Tx for gastric/duodenal ulcers and what drugs may do this?
``` Reduce Hcl production: - Anti-histamines - PP inhibitors Protect ulcerated mucosa: - Antacids - Mucosal Binding agents ```
58
What are the 4 types of intestinal epithelial cells?
1. Goblet cell: mucous& HCO3- secretion 2. Enteroendocrine 3. Paneth: microbial defence 4. Enterocytes: absorption via transporters
59
What is the role of bile salts in the GIT?
Emulsification of fats in intestine
60
What are the two cell types of the LI?
``` Goblet Cells (mucous/HCO3) Colonocytes (absorptive) ```
61
What are the 3 VFAs produced in the LI & what is their use?
Acetate - liver synthesis of ATP Propionate - substrate for gluconeogenesis Butyrate - energy production
62
What are the 3 causes of diarrhoea?
Stress Nutritional Infectious
63
What are the 2 major components of pancreatic juice?
HCO3 | Digestive enzymes
64
Besides its effect on glucose, what is the role of insulin in the GIT?
Increases triglyceride synthesis Inc AA uptake & protein synthesis
65
What is the structural unit of the liver?
Hepatic lobule
66
Describe the blood supply to the liver.
Hepatic Portal Vein = 75% of blood | Hepatic Artery = 25% of blood
67
What is contained in the septae of the liver?
Portal Triads: Bile Duct, Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein
68
What is the functional unit of the liver?
Acinus (overlaps 2 lobules)
69
What are Kuppfer cells?
Macrophages which patrol liver sinusoids (vascular channels)
70
How are substances detoxified in the liver?
2 phases: 1: oxidation 2. Conjugation catalysed by cytochrome p450
71
Describe the breakdown of haem to bile pigments.
``` Haem > Biliverdin Biliverdin > bilirubin Bilirubin to liver Conjugated in liver Excreted in bile ```
72
What are the 3 main roles of bile?
Promotes lipase hydrolysis Facilitates intestinal absorption of lipids Exit route for waste
73
Where are primary bile acids synthesised?
Liver
74
Where are secondary bile acids synthesised?
In GIT by bacteria
75
What is enterohepatic circulation?
Bile acids absorbed from terminal ileum transported back to liver
76
Which two hormones increase bile secretion?
CCK and Secretin
77
What is intrahepatic cholestasis?
dec secretion of bile by hepatocytes
78
What is extrahepatic cholestasis?
Obstruction of gall bladder/bile ducts
79
What are the two causes of PSS?
Congenital | Acquired (due to portal hypertension)
80
What are the clinical signs of a PSS?
Hepatic encephalopathy Depression/head press PUPD Worse AFTER EATING
81
Where do ruminants & non ruminant herbivores absorb VFAs?
RUM: fore-stomach NON-RUM: LI
82
What do ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores absorb in the SI?
Rum: Peptides Non-Rum: Sugars & peptides
83
Which chamber of the ruminant stomach is the "true" stomach?
Abomasum
84
What is the function of the reticulum?
Trap stones/wire
85
What is the function of the rumen?
Fermentation
86
What are primary ruminal contractions and how often do they occur?
Mixing of contents | 1/min
87
What are secondary ruminal contractions and how often do they occur?
Eructation | 1 for every 2/3 1e contractions
88
Describe the order of the 1e reticulo-ruminal contractions.
1. 1st Reticular contraction 2. 2nd Reticular contraction 3. Dorsal rumen contraction 4. ventral rumen contraction
89
Where are most VFAs absorbed in the ruminant?
Recticulo-Rumen 80%
90
Where are most VFAs absorbed in the horse?
LI
91
How often do mass contractions of the caecum occur in horses?
every 3-5mins
92
Name 2 potential causes of increased abdominal sounds in the horse.
Enteritis | Spasmodic colic
93
Name 2 potential causes of tympanic abdominal sounds in the horse.
Gas Distension | Obstruction
94
Name 2 potential causes of decreased abdominal sounds in the horse.
Ileus | Obstruction
95
What can you hear in the left dorsal quadrant of the horse?
SI/Small colon
96
What can you hear in the left ventral quadrant of the horse?
Pelvic Flexure
97
What can you hear in the right dorsal quadrant of the horse?
Caecum
98
What can you hear in the right ventral quadrant of the horse?
Caecum

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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