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Veterinary medicine year 2 > GI Basics (y1/2) > Flashcards

GI Basics (y1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which salivary gland(s) produce(s) only serous secretions?

A

Parotid

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2
Q

Which salivary gland(s) produce(s) mixed serous/mucous secretions?

A

Mandibular
Buccal
Sublingual

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3
Q

How is salivary secretion controlled?

A 
PARA = increase
SYMP = decrease
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4
Q

What is the role of segmental contractions in the GIT?

A

Breakdown/Mix food

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5
Q

What is the role of peristaltic contractions in the GIT?

A

Move food in right direction

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6
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down carbohydrate?

A

Amylase

Disaccharidase

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7
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down protein?

A

pepsin
trypsin
peptidases

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8
Q

Which digestive enzymes break down fat?

A

Lipase

Phospholipase

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9
Q

Name the muscles of the abdominal wall, from outside to inside.

A

External Abdo Oblique
Internal Abdo Oblique
Transverse Abdo
Rectus Abdo

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominus muscle?

A

O: ventral surface of sternum
I: Cranila border of pelvis

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11
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique m?

A

O: Lateral surface of ribs 4+ & lumbodorsal fascia
I: Linea Alba & pre-pubic tendon

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12
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the interal abdominal oblique?

A

O: coxal tuber/lumbodorsal fascia
I: Linea alba, last rib, caudal rib catrilages

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse abdominal?

A

O: medial surface of caudal rib & deep LS fascia
I: linea alba

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14
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscle of the abdominal wall?

A

T13 & L1-L5

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15
Q

How does the aorta pass from thorax to abdomen?

A

via aortic hiatus in diaphragm

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16
Q

How does the vena cava pass from thorax to abdomen?

A

caval foramen in diaphragm

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17
Q

How does the oesophaguspass from thorax to abdomen?

A

Oesophageal Hiatus

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18
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate
Quadrate
L
R

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19
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the liver?

A

Coronary Ligament
R/L triangular ligs
Falciform/round lig

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20
Q

What are the 3 main areas of the stomach?

A

Fundus (blind-end)
Corpus (body)
Pylorus

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21
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the stomach?

A

Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Gastro-splenic lig

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22
Q

Why may be a spleen be abnormally enlarged on PM?

A

Barbiturate Euthanasia

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23
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the spleen?

A

Gastro-splenic ligament

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24
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

1st part of SI

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25
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the duodenum?

A

Mesodudenum
Duodenal-colic fold
Hepato-duoenal lig

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26
Q

What drains in to the duodenum?

A

Major Duodenal papilla - bile duct and pancreatic duct

Minor Duodenal papilla - accessory duct

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27
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreas.

A

2 lobes.
R: cranio-caudal
L: medio-lateral

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28
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the pancreas?

A

R: mesoduodenum
L: deep leaf of greater omentum

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29
Q

Where is the jejunum?

A

Middle part of SI

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30
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the jejunum?

A

Meso-jejunum (fan shaped)

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31
Q

Where is the ileum?

A

Terminal SI - enteric LI at caeco-colic jct

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32
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the ileum?

A

Ileo-caecal fold

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33
Q

Where is the caecum?

A

1st part of LI - blind ending sac

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34
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the caecum?

A

Ileo-caecal fold

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35
Q

Describe the anatomy of the colon.

A 
Ascending (R)
R colic flexure
Transverse
L colic flexure
Descending (L)
Rectum
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36
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the colon?

A

Meso-colon

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37
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic PARASYMP nerve fibres run?

A

Vagus

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38
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic SYMP nerve fibres run?

A

splanchnic nerves

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39
Q

What is the gastro-colic reflex?

A

Stomach stretch relaxes ileo-colic sphincter to allow passage of food through SI

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40
Q

Which hormone stimulates HCl & gastric mucosa production?

A

Gastrin

41
Q

Which hormone stimulates pancreatic release of HCO3-?

A

Secretin

42
Q

Which hormone stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes & gall bladder contraction?

A

Cholecystokinin

43
Q

Which hormone stimulates insulin and inhibits Hcl?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

44
Q

Where is the appetite centre of the brain?

A

Ventro-lateral hypothalamus

45
Q

Where is the satiety centre of the brain?

A

Ventro-medial hypothalamus

46
Q

What are the pacemaker cells of the GIT called?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

47
Q

What are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

A

Muscoa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

48
Q

What is the correct name for the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

Cardiac sphincter (only anatomical in horses)

49
Q

Which part of the brain controls vomiting?

A

Medulla - vomiting centre?

50
Q

How does stomach dilatation cause shock?

A

Impedes venous return to heart via caudal vena cava: circulatory shock.

51
Q

What 4 cell types are contained in the cylindrical glands of the stomach?

A

Globlet Cells - Mucous
Parietal Cells - HCl
Chief/Peptic Cells - pepsinogen
Entero-endocrine cells - hormones

52
Q

Describe the anatomical pathway of stomach contraction.

A 
Fundus (weak)
Corpus
Pyloric sphincter opens
Chyme > duodenum
Contractions @ pylorus
Pyloric Sphincter Closes
53
Q

Where does the majority of starch digestion occur in carnivores?

A

SI - Amylase needs neutral pH & stomach is acidic

54
Q

What are the 4 functions of HCl in the stomach?

A
  1. Convert pepsinogen to pepsin
  2. Acidic environment for pepsin to work
  3. Prevents fermentation
  4. degrades large chunks into smaller particles
55
Q

In increased Hcl production, where is it common to find GI ulcers?

A

Duodenum

56
Q

In cases of decreased protective function, where is it common to find GI ulcers?

A

Gastric Mucosa

57
Q

What are the two aims of Tx for gastric/duodenal ulcers and what drugs may do this?

A 
Reduce Hcl production:
- Anti-histamines
- PP inhibitors
Protect ulcerated mucosa:
- Antacids
- Mucosal Binding agents
58
Q

What are the 4 types of intestinal epithelial cells?

A
  1. Goblet cell: mucous& HCO3- secretion
  2. Enteroendocrine
  3. Paneth: microbial defence
  4. Enterocytes: absorption via transporters
59
Q

What is the role of bile salts in the GIT?

A

Emulsification of fats in intestine

60
Q

What are the two cell types of the LI?

A 
Goblet Cells (mucous/HCO3)
Colonocytes (absorptive)
61
Q

What are the 3 VFAs produced in the LI & what is their use?

A

Acetate - liver synthesis of ATP
Propionate - substrate for gluconeogenesis
Butyrate - energy production

62
Q

What are the 3 causes of diarrhoea?

A

Stress
Nutritional
Infectious

63
Q

What are the 2 major components of pancreatic juice?

A

HCO3

Digestive enzymes

64
Q

Besides its effect on glucose, what is the role of insulin in the GIT?

A

Increases triglyceride synthesis

Inc AA uptake & protein synthesis

65
Q

What is the structural unit of the liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

66
Q

Describe the blood supply to the liver.

A

Hepatic Portal Vein = 75% of blood

Hepatic Artery = 25% of blood

67
Q

What is contained in the septae of the liver?

A

Portal Triads: Bile Duct, Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein

68
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

Acinus (overlaps 2 lobules)

69
Q

What are Kuppfer cells?

A

Macrophages which patrol liver sinusoids (vascular channels)

70
Q

How are substances detoxified in the liver?

A

2 phases:
1: oxidation
2. Conjugation
catalysed by cytochrome p450

71
Q

Describe the breakdown of haem to bile pigments.

A 
Haem > Biliverdin
Biliverdin > bilirubin
Bilirubin to liver
Conjugated in liver
Excreted in bile
72
Q

What are the 3 main roles of bile?

A

Promotes lipase hydrolysis
Facilitates intestinal absorption of lipids
Exit route for waste

73
Q

Where are primary bile acids synthesised?

A

Liver

74
Q

Where are secondary bile acids synthesised?

A

In GIT by bacteria

75
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation?

A

Bile acids absorbed from terminal ileum transported back to liver

76
Q

Which two hormones increase bile secretion?

A

CCK and Secretin

77
Q

What is intrahepatic cholestasis?

A

dec secretion of bile by hepatocytes

78
Q

What is extrahepatic cholestasis?

A

Obstruction of gall bladder/bile ducts

79
Q

What are the two causes of PSS?

A

Congenital

Acquired (due to portal hypertension)

80
Q

What are the clinical signs of a PSS?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy
Depression/head press
PUPD
Worse AFTER EATING

81
Q

Where do ruminants & non ruminant herbivores absorb VFAs?

A

RUM: fore-stomach

NON-RUM: LI

82
Q

What do ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores absorb in the SI?

A

Rum: Peptides

Non-Rum: Sugars & peptides

83
Q

Which chamber of the ruminant stomach is the “true” stomach?

A

Abomasum

84
Q

What is the function of the reticulum?

A

Trap stones/wire

85
Q

What is the function of the rumen?

A

Fermentation

86
Q

What are primary ruminal contractions and how often do they occur?

A

Mixing of contents

1/min

87
Q

What are secondary ruminal contractions and how often do they occur?

A

Eructation

1 for every 2/3 1e contractions

88
Q

Describe the order of the 1e reticulo-ruminal contractions.

A
  1. 1st Reticular contraction
  2. 2nd Reticular contraction
  3. Dorsal rumen contraction
  4. ventral rumen contraction
89
Q

Where are most VFAs absorbed in the ruminant?

A

Recticulo-Rumen 80%

90
Q

Where are most VFAs absorbed in the horse?

A

LI

91
Q

How often do mass contractions of the caecum occur in horses?

A

every 3-5mins

92
Q

Name 2 potential causes of increased abdominal sounds in the horse.

A

Enteritis

Spasmodic colic

93
Q

Name 2 potential causes of tympanic abdominal sounds in the horse.

A

Gas Distension

Obstruction

94
Q

Name 2 potential causes of decreased abdominal sounds in the horse.

A

Ileus

Obstruction

95
Q

What can you hear in the left dorsal quadrant of the horse?

A

SI/Small colon

96
Q

What can you hear in the left ventral quadrant of the horse?

A

Pelvic Flexure

97
Q

What can you hear in the right dorsal quadrant of the horse?

A

Caecum

98
Q

What can you hear in the right ventral quadrant of the horse?

A

Caecum

Veterinary medicine year 2 (23 decks)

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