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Path: Infectious Disease > Parasite2 > Flashcards

Parasite2 Flashcards

1
Q

most important fatal helminth disease (250k people per year)

A

schistosomiasis

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2
Q

what do people with schistosomiasis die from?

A

hepatic granulomas and fibrosis

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3
Q

this parasite causes hematuria/obstruction of bladder, metaplasia in the bladder –> predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma

A

S haematobium

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4
Q

cancer caused by metaplasia due to S haematobium infection

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

this form of schistosome infects humans by penetrating through skin (in between toes)

A

cercaria

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6
Q

these cytokines cause induction of IgE synthesis, mastocytosis, and eosinophilia

A

IL 3, 4, 5

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7
Q

resistance to reinfection of schistosome correlates with these levels

A

IgE

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8
Q

fibrogenic factors secreted by lymphocytes that are induced by schistosome eggs

A

IL 13, TGF-B (FB proliferation and portal fibrosis)

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9
Q

hallmark of schistosomiasis

A

hepatic fibrosis (out of proportion to parasite injury)

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10
Q

results from *pipestream portal fibrosis* associated with schistosomiasis

A

portal hypertension, splenomegaly, esophageal varices, ascites

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11
Q

aka liver flukes

A

Clonorchis siensis

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12
Q

how do we get liver flukes? where do these live in body?

A

improperly cooked fish; biliary ducts

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13
Q

possible complications of liver flukes

A

biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, portal cirrhosis

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14
Q

chronic infections of liver flukes

A

cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcionma

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15
Q

tapeworm from undercooked beef

A

Taenia saginata

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16
Q

tapeworm from undercooked pork; what form of parasite does pork have in it?

A

Taenia solium; encysted cysticerci

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17
Q

where do T solium encyst in hematogenous dissemination

A

CNS

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18
Q

T solium infection characterized by cysts in CNS –> convulsions, increased pressure, mental disturbance

A

cysticercosis

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19
Q

Echinococcus canine tapeworms that can form hydatid cysts (liver and lungs)

A

E granulosus and E multilocularis

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20
Q

parasites that cause cysts

A

T solium and Echinococcus

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21
Q

aka pinworm; most common parasite in USA, spread oral-fecal, *causes anal pruritis*

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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22
Q

lifespan for pinworms (treatment prevents re-infection)

A

2 months

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23
Q

pathogenesis of hookworms

A

small, itchy papule, pneumonitis, blood loss (.2 ml/worm/day)

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24
Q

hyperinfections due to Strongyloides

A

pneumonitis and duodenitis

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25
Q

symptoms/signs of Ascaris lumbricoides infection

A

pneumonitis, dyspnea, dry cough, fever, eosinophilia, colicky, malnutrition

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26
Q

biggest complication/problem of Ascariasis

A

obstruction (of small intestine or biliary ducts)

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27
Q

3 parasites that can penetrate muscle

A

Trichinella, Chagas, Echinococcus

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28
Q

this causes symptoms associated with larval migrans syndromes

A

intense eosinophilic inflammatory reaction

29
Q

this causes cutaneous larval migrans

A

dog/cat hookworm (ancyclostoma)

30
Q

this causes visceral larval migrans

A

dog/cat ascaris (Toxocara canis, cati)

31
Q

this causes lymphatic filariasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

32
Q

scabies bites burrow into skin down to this layer

A

stratum corneum

33
Q

length of life cycle of scabies

A

28 days

34
Q

where do schistosomes replicate?

A

portal and pelvic venous systems

35
Q

tissue reaction to egg formation in schistosomiasis

A

granulomas and fibrosis

36
Q

these form around the schistosome egg

A

calcified pinhead granulomas

37
Q

this parasite is ingested, then the larvae hatch and penetrate thru the gut wall to encyst elsewhere in body

A

T solium

38
Q

symptoms associated with CNS encystment by T solium

A

convulsions, high intracranial pressure, mental disturbance

39
Q

hydatid cysts in Echinococcus infection most commonly form in these organs

A

liver and lungs

40
Q

this canine tapeworm causes liver disease that is almost always fatal

A

E multilocularis

41
Q

this canine tapeworm forms cysts that, when ruptured, can cause serious anaphylactic reaction

A

E granulosus

42
Q

this parasite is most common in moist areas of Southern US (tropics); can cause local hyperemia and lesions of colonic mucosa depending on worm load

A

whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)

43
Q

aka hookworms

A

Necator americanus (Southern US), Ancyclostoma duodenale (outside USA)

44
Q

where does hookworm attach?

A

small intestine

45
Q

dissemination route for Ascaris, Hookworms, and Stronyloides

A

ingest eggs/invade body - bloodstream - lungs - esophagus (from invasion filariform laravae) - GI

46
Q

how do hookworms get into body?

A

penetrate between toes

47
Q

this parasite has dissemination similar to hookworm; important reservoir in dogs and cats; may cause pneumonitis/dueodenitis in immunosuppressed

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

48
Q

these parasites penetrate skin to enter body

A

hookworm, strongyloides, schistosome

49
Q

most common parasite after pinworms (mostly in tropics/subtropics); HUGE, live in lumen of small intestine

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

50
Q

these parasites affect the small intestine

A

giardia, hookworm, strongyloides, ascaris

51
Q

how do you acquire Trichinella spiralis?

A

pork

52
Q

this parasite can penetrate tissue/encyst muscle; causes marked eosinophilia, fever, myalgias, periorbital edema –> can also lead to hear failure due to myocarditis (from eosinophilia/giant cells)

A

Trichinella spiralis

53
Q

infiltrate in Trichinosis –> can cause myocarditis in heart –> scarring –> heart failure

A

eosinophils and giant cells

54
Q

best treatment for larval migrans syndromes

A

corticosteroids and antihistamines

55
Q

these are signs/symptoms of visceral larval migrans

A

hepatomegaly, hypereosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia (hx of geophagia)

56
Q

this is responsible for neural larval migrans (from *raccoons*) –> must diagnose parasite larvae present in tissues

A

Balisacaris

57
Q

neural laraval migrans (caused by Balisacaris) causes this severe CNS manifestation

A

eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

58
Q

this parasite develops within lymphatic channels –> chronic damage w/ granulomas around adult parasite

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

59
Q

results from chronic damage associated with lymphatic filiarasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)

A

lymphatic dilation and lymphedema (elephantiasis in lower limb)

60
Q

this transmits Wuchereria bancrofti

A

mosquito

61
Q

this causes river blindness; what transmits it?

A

Onchocerca volvulus; black fly

62
Q

there is cross reaction between parasite antigen and these in Onchocerca volvulus infection –> causes punctate keratitis and damage to retina

A

retinal pigment epithelial cells

63
Q

symptoms of river blindness (Onchocerca volvulus)

A

blindness, chronic pruritic dermatitis, subcu dermal nodules (onchocercoma)

64
Q

3 organisms that use head/body lice as vector to cause disease in humans

A

typhus, Rickettsia prowazeki; trench fever, Rochalimaea quintana; relapsing fever, Borrelia recurrentis

65
Q

these are symptomatic of Pthirus pubis infection (do not disappear w/ pressure, in deeper tissues)

A

Blue spots

66
Q

aka head/body lice

A

Pediculus humanus capitis/humanus

67
Q

responsible for scabies

A

Sarcoptes scabei

68
Q

this mediates scabies intense pruritic lesions

A

IgE, mast cells, eosinophils

69
Q

manifests as granulomatous of mucous membranes resulting in polyp formation –> infection of nose, nasopharynx, and conjunctiva (traumatic inoculation from water source, especially in Texas/SW US)

A

Rhinosporidiosis

Path: Infectious Disease (10 decks)

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