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Parasite1 Flashcards

1
Q

these plasmodia cause anemia

A

vivax, ovale, malariae

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2
Q

this plasmodium can cause obstruction of small capillaries in brain –> ischemia –> infarct

A

falciparum

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3
Q

this is what causes dark urine in black water fever (due to lysis of RBC)

A

hemoglobinuria (will also see kidney damage)

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4
Q

where do plasmodia reproduce?

A

liver

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5
Q

these are released into blood with bite of mosquito –> invade liver cells

A

sporozoites

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6
Q

plasmodium sporozoites have receptors for these (allow for liver invasion)

A

thrombospondin and properdin

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7
Q

these are formed once sporozoites invade liver –> released when hepatocytes rupture

A

merozoites

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8
Q

where do merozoites bind?

A

sialic residues RBC

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9
Q

merozoites detoxify heme by forming this (*inhibited by chloroquine*)

A

hemozoin paracrystalline precipitate

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10
Q

plasmodium/merozoite lectin is analogous to this on RBC

A

Duffy antigen

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11
Q

this HLA confers some immunity to malaria

A

B53

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12
Q

this form of plasmodia are inflexible so the don’t enter the spleen –> aren’t cleared

A

schizont

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13
Q

more serious symptoms of Plasmodium falciparum

A

anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cerebral symptoms (and death)

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14
Q

what does falciparum parasite bind to in brain (dangerous for coma/death); what do schizonts specifically bind to?

A

endothelial cells; ICAM-1

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15
Q

what do vivax and ovale infect?

A

reticulocytes (1% RBC)

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16
Q

what is color of spleen parenchyma (due to red cells, debris, hemozoin)?

A

gray/black

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17
Q

this causes malaria like disease in US; what transmits this disease?

A

Babesia microti; deer ticks (same as LYme)

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18
Q

symptoms of Babesiosis

A

fever and hemolytic anemia (more severe in splenectomized individuals)

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19
Q

lymphadenopahty in African sleeping sickness (precedes CNS symptoms)

A

Winterbottoms sign

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20
Q

this produced by CD8 –> actually stimulates trypanosome growth in african sleeping sickness

A

IFN-g

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21
Q

what cells do Trypanosoma cruiz (Chagas disease) infect?

A

MP

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22
Q

damage to myocardial cells in chronic Chaga’s diseases results in these conditions

A

dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias

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23
Q

Entamoeba histolytica most commonly affects this part of colon

A

cecum and ascending bowel

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24
Q

protozoa that causes flask-shaped ulcer (narrow neck and broad base)

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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25
infiltrates in Enatemoeba histolytica infection
neutrophilic (causes liquefactive necrosis)
26
most prevalent pathogenic intestinal organism worldwide; how do you get this parasite?
Giardia lamblia; contaminated water (only removed by filtration)
27
infectious form of Giardia
dormant cyst
28
possible presentaions of Giardia lamblia
diarrhea, steatorrhea, constipation
29
what causes diarrhea associated with Giardia?
nutrient malabsorption
30
parasite that causes transient watery diarrhea in children, \*but very serious in immunosuppresed\*
Cryptosporidium parvum
31
what is infectious form of Cryptosporidium parvum? how are the removed from water?
oocytes; filtration
32
where do Cryptosporidium parvum bind?
apical brush border colonic epithelium
33
AIDS associated parasites but not more severe infection
Amebae, Giardia
34
disseminated disease in immunosuppressed individuals caused by these parasites (much more severe infection than immune competent)
cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis
35
clinical presentation of normal patient with Toxoplasma gondii
subclinical infection and mild lymphadenopathy
36
what is definitive host for toxo?
cat (sexual reproduction only in cat gut)
37
time it takes for Toxo oocyte in cat feces t become infectious
24-48 hours
38
this obligate intracellular protozoan has transplacental transmission --\> 25% fatality rate in 1st trimester
Toxoplasma gondii
39
congenital Toxo infection during 3rd trimester may cause this in fetus
chorioretinitis and blindness
40
vector for Leishmaniasis; these phagocytose them
sandfly; MP
41
these tissue invaders may alter sense of taste and smell --\> enter through nasal mucosa
Naegleria and Acanthamoeba
42
this causes parasitic meningitis in healthy children --\> mimics meningococcal meningitis; how soon does death typically occur?
Naegleria; 5-16 days
43
parasitic meningitis in immunosuppressed individuals --\> has hematogenous dissemination
Acanthamoeba
44
Naegleria invades through this to get to CNS (amoebae present in CSF)
cribriform plate
45
this parasite infection has trophozoites that colonize vagina, sometimes male urethra and prostate (highest rate infection 30-40 yo)
Trichomoniasis
46
merotoize plasmodia matures into this within RBC
ringed trophozoite
47
trophozoite matures to this form (\*displays knobs on surface\*)
shizont
48
these are expressed on schizont knobs; what do they bind?
sequestrins; ICAM-1 (on endothelial cells)
49
these are sexual forms of plasmodia...infect mosquito on blood meal
gametocytes
50
these cells in liver pick up free hemoglobin (causes discoloration)
Kupfer
51
plasmodium malariae infects these cells
mature RBC
52
this plasmodium causes low-grade parasitemia that can persist for 40 years....also can cause GN
malariae
53
this organ has focal hypoxic lesions from progressive anemia and circulatory stasis (due to malaria)
heart
54
these form as result of small focal inflammatory reaction in CNS falciparum infection
malarial/Durck's granulomas
55
where is Babesiosis most common?
NE and upper MW
56
characterized by intermittent, fevers, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, progressive brain dysfunction, cachexia, death
african sleeping sickness
57
this transmits Trypanosoma brucei
tsetse fly
58
this causes african sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
59
symptoms of african sleeping sickness
fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, brain dysfunction, cachexia, death
60
this results when T. brucei invades CNS
leptomeningitis
61
this parasitic disease has large, red, rubbery chancre at site of insect bite
african sleeping sickness
62
this is most frequent cause of heart failure in Brazil/Latin America
Chaga's disease
63
this causes chaga's disease; what transmits it?
Trypanosoma cruzi; kissing bug
64
this is present at site of entry of T cruzi
chagoma (erythematous nodule)
65
this parasite evades killing by moving from lysosome to cytosol....also amastigotes reproduce in host cell --\> flagellate --\> burst host cell to infect others
T cruzi
66
this parasite penetrates skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
T cruzi
67
symptoms of acute chaga's disease
fever, cardiac dilatation/failure (due to direct invasion), lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly
68
chronic chaga's disease occurs this amount of time after initial infection (20% of patients)
5-15 years
69
will see lesions of this tissue in chronic chaga's disease due to autoimmune cross-reaction of Ab and T cells
cardiac and digestive
70
these make up interstitial and perivascular infiltrate in chronic chaga's disease
lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes
71
infectious form of Entamoeba histolytica (resistant to gastric acid)
cyst
72
Entamoeba histolytica lyses these; what does this cause?
colonic epithelial cells; dysentery
73
metronidazole targets this enzyme in the obligate fermenters of glucose -\> ethanol (giardia, amebae, trichomonads, anaerobic bacteria)
pyruvate oxidoreductase
74
this parasite resembles MP
E histolytica
75
trophozoite form of E histolytica invades these
colonic gland crypts (stopped by muscularis mucosae)
76
in 40% patients...E histolytica will penetrate portal vessels, embolize to liver and cause this
amebic abscess
77
Giardia infection associated with these patients
IgA deficient and immunosuppressed
78
where do Giardia trophozoites multiply?
small intestine (duodenum)
79
abnormalities of mucosa seen in Giardia infection
clubbing of villi and mixed inflammatory infiltrate of lamina propria
80
will see this in mucosa of IgA deficient patients with Giardia infection
follicular hypertrophy mucosal lymphoid tissue
81
parasites that actually invade/disrupt ucosa
E histolytica and C parvum
82
C parvum parasites infect these cells
MP under Peyer's patches
83
this causes malabsorption/secretory diarrhea in C parvum infection
invasion/disruption of mucosa
84
what is necessary for control of C parvum infection?
CD4 mediated immunity
85
how long does diarrhea and vomiting last in immunocompetent patient infected with C parvum
3-14 days
86
receptors that Toxoplasma gondii binds in host cells
laminin
87
cysts of Toxo that contain these can remain dormant for years
bradyzoites
88
immune response needed to control Toxo infection
T cell mediated
89
pathology of Toxo infection in normal adults
lymphadenopathy (w/ follicular hypertrophy) and muscle encystment
90
will see this in neonatal toxo infection
CNS necrosis/lesions (microglial nodules), vascular thrombosis, necrotic lesions of organs
91
pathology of Toxo infection in immunosuppressed
systemic visceral lesions, encephalitis
92
where do leishmaniae divide after transforming into round amaztigotes
phagosomes
93
Leishmanias bind this complement, but are resistant to C5-C9
C3b
94
characterized by localized ulcer with surrounding granulomatous inflammation (for 6 months)
cutaneous Leishmaniasis
95
symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis
hyperpigmentation of skin (black fever), hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, fever, weight loss
96
how does visceral Leishmaniasis spread?
RES system
97
these are contained in lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
foamy MP
98
this parasite is turnip shaped (seen as motile organism on fresh prep of discharge)
Trichomona
99
characterized by profuse, watery, leukorrheic discharge with pruritis of vagina/vulva (30-40 yo have highest rate infection)...could also have spotty reddening of mucosa w/ small papules/blisters (\*strawberry mucosa\*)
Trichomona

Path: Infectious Disease (10 decks)

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