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Path: Infectious Disease > Parasite1 > Flashcards

Parasite1 Flashcards

1
Q

these plasmodia cause anemia

A

vivax, ovale, malariae

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2
Q

this plasmodium can cause obstruction of small capillaries in brain –> ischemia –> infarct

A

falciparum

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3
Q

this is what causes dark urine in black water fever (due to lysis of RBC)

A

hemoglobinuria (will also see kidney damage)

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4
Q

where do plasmodia reproduce?

A

liver

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5
Q

these are released into blood with bite of mosquito –> invade liver cells

A

sporozoites

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6
Q

plasmodium sporozoites have receptors for these (allow for liver invasion)

A

thrombospondin and properdin

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7
Q

these are formed once sporozoites invade liver –> released when hepatocytes rupture

A

merozoites

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8
Q

where do merozoites bind?

A

sialic residues RBC

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9
Q

merozoites detoxify heme by forming this (*inhibited by chloroquine*)

A

hemozoin paracrystalline precipitate

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10
Q

plasmodium/merozoite lectin is analogous to this on RBC

A

Duffy antigen

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11
Q

this HLA confers some immunity to malaria

A

B53

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12
Q

this form of plasmodia are inflexible so the don’t enter the spleen –> aren’t cleared

A

schizont

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13
Q

more serious symptoms of Plasmodium falciparum

A

anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cerebral symptoms (and death)

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14
Q

what does falciparum parasite bind to in brain (dangerous for coma/death); what do schizonts specifically bind to?

A

endothelial cells; ICAM-1

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15
Q

what do vivax and ovale infect?

A

reticulocytes (1% RBC)

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16
Q

what is color of spleen parenchyma (due to red cells, debris, hemozoin)?

A

gray/black

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17
Q

this causes malaria like disease in US; what transmits this disease?

A

Babesia microti; deer ticks (same as LYme)

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18
Q

symptoms of Babesiosis

A

fever and hemolytic anemia (more severe in splenectomized individuals)

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19
Q

lymphadenopahty in African sleeping sickness (precedes CNS symptoms)

A

Winterbottoms sign

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20
Q

this produced by CD8 –> actually stimulates trypanosome growth in african sleeping sickness

A

IFN-g

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21
Q

what cells do Trypanosoma cruiz (Chagas disease) infect?

A

MP

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22
Q

damage to myocardial cells in chronic Chaga’s diseases results in these conditions

A

dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias

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23
Q

Entamoeba histolytica most commonly affects this part of colon

A

cecum and ascending bowel

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24
Q

protozoa that causes flask-shaped ulcer (narrow neck and broad base)

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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25
Q

infiltrates in Enatemoeba histolytica infection

A

neutrophilic (causes liquefactive necrosis)

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26
Q

most prevalent pathogenic intestinal organism worldwide; how do you get this parasite?

A

Giardia lamblia; contaminated water (only removed by filtration)

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27
Q

infectious form of Giardia

A

dormant cyst

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28
Q

possible presentaions of Giardia lamblia

A

diarrhea, steatorrhea, constipation

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29
Q

what causes diarrhea associated with Giardia?

A

nutrient malabsorption

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30
Q

parasite that causes transient watery diarrhea in children, *but very serious in immunosuppresed*

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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31
Q

what is infectious form of Cryptosporidium parvum? how are the removed from water?

A

oocytes; filtration

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32
Q

where do Cryptosporidium parvum bind?

A

apical brush border colonic epithelium

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33
Q

AIDS associated parasites but not more severe infection

A

Amebae, Giardia

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34
Q

disseminated disease in immunosuppressed individuals caused by these parasites (much more severe infection than immune competent)

A

cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis

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35
Q

clinical presentation of normal patient with Toxoplasma gondii

A

subclinical infection and mild lymphadenopathy

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36
Q

what is definitive host for toxo?

A

cat (sexual reproduction only in cat gut)

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37
Q

time it takes for Toxo oocyte in cat feces t become infectious

A

24-48 hours

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38
Q

this obligate intracellular protozoan has transplacental transmission –> 25% fatality rate in 1st trimester

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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39
Q

congenital Toxo infection during 3rd trimester may cause this in fetus

A

chorioretinitis and blindness

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40
Q

vector for Leishmaniasis; these phagocytose them

A

sandfly; MP

41
Q

these tissue invaders may alter sense of taste and smell –> enter through nasal mucosa

A

Naegleria and Acanthamoeba

42
Q

this causes parasitic meningitis in healthy children –> mimics meningococcal meningitis; how soon does death typically occur?

A

Naegleria; 5-16 days

43
Q

parasitic meningitis in immunosuppressed individuals –> has hematogenous dissemination

A

Acanthamoeba

44
Q

Naegleria invades through this to get to CNS (amoebae present in CSF)

A

cribriform plate

45
Q

this parasite infection has trophozoites that colonize vagina, sometimes male urethra and prostate (highest rate infection 30-40 yo)

A

Trichomoniasis

46
Q

merotoize plasmodia matures into this within RBC

A

ringed trophozoite

47
Q

trophozoite matures to this form (*displays knobs on surface*)

A

shizont

48
Q

these are expressed on schizont knobs; what do they bind?

A

sequestrins; ICAM-1 (on endothelial cells)

49
Q

these are sexual forms of plasmodia…infect mosquito on blood meal

A

gametocytes

50
Q

these cells in liver pick up free hemoglobin (causes discoloration)

A

Kupfer

51
Q

plasmodium malariae infects these cells

A

mature RBC

52
Q

this plasmodium causes low-grade parasitemia that can persist for 40 years….also can cause GN

A

malariae

53
Q

this organ has focal hypoxic lesions from progressive anemia and circulatory stasis (due to malaria)

A

heart

54
Q

these form as result of small focal inflammatory reaction in CNS falciparum infection

A

malarial/Durck’s granulomas

55
Q

where is Babesiosis most common?

A

NE and upper MW

56
Q

characterized by intermittent, fevers, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, progressive brain dysfunction, cachexia, death

A

african sleeping sickness

57
Q

this transmits Trypanosoma brucei

A

tsetse fly

58
Q

this causes african sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei

59
Q

symptoms of african sleeping sickness

A

fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, brain dysfunction, cachexia, death

60
Q

this results when T. brucei invades CNS

A

leptomeningitis

61
Q

this parasitic disease has large, red, rubbery chancre at site of insect bite

A

african sleeping sickness

62
Q

this is most frequent cause of heart failure in Brazil/Latin America

A

Chaga’s disease

63
Q

this causes chaga’s disease; what transmits it?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi; kissing bug

64
Q

this is present at site of entry of T cruzi

A

chagoma (erythematous nodule)

65
Q

this parasite evades killing by moving from lysosome to cytosol….also amastigotes reproduce in host cell –> flagellate –> burst host cell to infect others

A

T cruzi

66
Q

this parasite penetrates skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

A

T cruzi

67
Q

symptoms of acute chaga’s disease

A

fever, cardiac dilatation/failure (due to direct invasion), lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly

68
Q

chronic chaga’s disease occurs this amount of time after initial infection (20% of patients)

A

5-15 years

69
Q

will see lesions of this tissue in chronic chaga’s disease due to autoimmune cross-reaction of Ab and T cells

A

cardiac and digestive

70
Q

these make up interstitial and perivascular infiltrate in chronic chaga’s disease

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes

71
Q

infectious form of Entamoeba histolytica (resistant to gastric acid)

A

cyst

72
Q

Entamoeba histolytica lyses these; what does this cause?

A

colonic epithelial cells; dysentery

73
Q

metronidazole targets this enzyme in the obligate fermenters of glucose -> ethanol (giardia, amebae, trichomonads, anaerobic bacteria)

A

pyruvate oxidoreductase

74
Q

this parasite resembles MP

A

E histolytica

75
Q

trophozoite form of E histolytica invades these

A

colonic gland crypts (stopped by muscularis mucosae)

76
Q

in 40% patients…E histolytica will penetrate portal vessels, embolize to liver and cause this

A

amebic abscess

77
Q

Giardia infection associated with these patients

A

IgA deficient and immunosuppressed

78
Q

where do Giardia trophozoites multiply?

A

small intestine (duodenum)

79
Q

abnormalities of mucosa seen in Giardia infection

A

clubbing of villi and mixed inflammatory infiltrate of lamina propria

80
Q

will see this in mucosa of IgA deficient patients with Giardia infection

A

follicular hypertrophy mucosal lymphoid tissue

81
Q

parasites that actually invade/disrupt ucosa

A

E histolytica and C parvum

82
Q

C parvum parasites infect these cells

A

MP under Peyer’s patches

83
Q

this causes malabsorption/secretory diarrhea in C parvum infection

A

invasion/disruption of mucosa

84
Q

what is necessary for control of C parvum infection?

A

CD4 mediated immunity

85
Q

how long does diarrhea and vomiting last in immunocompetent patient infected with C parvum

A

3-14 days

86
Q

receptors that Toxoplasma gondii binds in host cells

A

laminin

87
Q

cysts of Toxo that contain these can remain dormant for years

A

bradyzoites

88
Q

immune response needed to control Toxo infection

A

T cell mediated

89
Q

pathology of Toxo infection in normal adults

A

lymphadenopathy (w/ follicular hypertrophy) and muscle encystment

90
Q

will see this in neonatal toxo infection

A

CNS necrosis/lesions (microglial nodules), vascular thrombosis, necrotic lesions of organs

91
Q

pathology of Toxo infection in immunosuppressed

A

systemic visceral lesions, encephalitis

92
Q

where do leishmaniae divide after transforming into round amaztigotes

A

phagosomes

93
Q

Leishmanias bind this complement, but are resistant to C5-C9

A

C3b

94
Q

characterized by localized ulcer with surrounding granulomatous inflammation (for 6 months)

A

cutaneous Leishmaniasis

95
Q

symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis

A

hyperpigmentation of skin (black fever), hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, fever, weight loss

96
Q

how does visceral Leishmaniasis spread?

A

RES system

97
Q

these are contained in lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

foamy MP

98
Q

this parasite is turnip shaped (seen as motile organism on fresh prep of discharge)

A

Trichomona

99
Q

characterized by profuse, watery, leukorrheic discharge with pruritis of vagina/vulva (30-40 yo have highest rate infection)…could also have spotty reddening of mucosa w/ small papules/blisters (*strawberry mucosa*)

A

Trichomona

Path: Infectious Disease (10 decks)

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