Parasite Management Flashcards
name ectoparasites
arthopods (ticks) and flies
name endoparasites
nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans, protozoa
external parasite control costs US horse owners how much each year?
270 million
name 3 common ectoparasite culprits
ticks, lice, flies, gnats, mites, chiggers
name the blood-feeding flies
stable flies, horn flies, biting midges, mosquitoes, horse/deer flies
name non biting flies
house flies and face flies
house flies produce in what manure and face flies where?
house- horse
face-cow
myiasis is what?
fly strike from filth-breeding flies (blow, bottle, flesh)
what is the most concerning worm for myiasis?
screwworms
treatment for myiasis?
debriding and notify authorities (have been eradicated in US)
what are true bot flies called?
gasterophilus intestinalis
external parasite control options
eliminate standing water
remove manure regularly
place fans in barns and shed to discourage flies
bring horses inside at dusk when gnats/mosquitoes are a problem
use pesticides
chemical and biological control
how to deter biting insects with feed through control
garlic
apple cider vinegar
brewer’s yeast
what feed through control can discourage insect breeding
diatomaceous earth- no impact on internal parasites but good for external
feed through controls that disrupt larval development
solitude IGR and SimpliFly
what is pediculosis
lice infestation
what are the two species of lice?
sucking louse and biting louse
sucking- blood and fluid
biting- dead skin and debris
what horses does lice affect mostly?
poor BCS and immunocompromised
diagnosis of lice?
itchy horse
severe weight loss
seen by naked eye
what are the two species of mites (aka mange) in horses?
body mites and leg mites
what horse breed is most susceptible to mites?
draft breeds with the feathers
how to diagnose mites?
itchy, biting at legs, skin scraping
diseases caused by ticks?
lyme, anaplasmosis, proplasmosis
what can internal parasites cause?
dull, rough hair coat
lack of energy
tail rubbing
weight loss or failure to gain weight
anorexia
diarrhea
colic
name internal parasites?
threadworms, large and small strongyles, ascarids, pinworms, tapeworms, stomach worms, and lung worms
ascarids are primarily a problem in ____ horses causing what?
young horses, impaction colic
explain the cycle of ascarids?
larvae in intestinal wall go into bloodstream where they travel to the heart and liver into the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed into the GI tract
what is the most common internal parasite in horses today?
strong strongyles
explain cycle of small strongyles
large intestine where they are encysted and emerge into the lumen DO NOT MIGRATE
deworming practices based on what?
large strongyles
large strongyle cycle
migrate to return to small intestine where they atatch to the GI to take nutrients DO NOT ENCYST
pinworms deposit eggs where?
perianal region
life cycle of a bot?
summer until first hard frost about 1 year
eggs depositied on face, legs, barrel, chest and the horse licks them, larvae burrow into tongue. mature in stomach lining and detatch
do threadworms need a host?
no
threadworm life cycle
eggs penetrate skin -> lungs -> trachae -> coughed up -> swallowed or through milk
lungworms are common in?
donkeys
lungworm symptoms?
coughing, increased respiration, nasal discharge, eggs?
stomach worms (name the 2 types) do what?
gastric -> fibrous tumors or nodules
cutaneous-> summer sores
second most concerning parasite in adult horseS?
tapeworms
name one anthelemintic with active ingredient and drug trade name
benzimidazole, fenbendazole, panacur
macrocylic lactones treat what?
bots
benzimidazoles are good for what?
pinworms
pyrimidines are good for what?
tapeworms at double strength
isoquinoline-pyrazines treat what?
tapeworms; these are solid in combo with macrocyclic lactones (aka quest plus)
what horses should you not give a combo dewormer to?
foals less than 6 mo, or sick underweight horses
parasite resistance has been documented for how many classes of anthelimntics?
3
can resistance be passed on genetically through parasites?
yes! cannot be undone
what contributes to anthelmintic resistance?
over-use or under-dosing
fecal egg counts are only quantitative T/F?
false. also qualitative
most horses are what type of shedders?
low (less than 200 eggs per gram)
what are the 3 shedder classifications in EPG?
low (less than 200)
moderate (200-500)
high (more than 500)
what are the limitations of FEC?
doesn’t reflect total burden
doesnt detect immature or larval stages
not accurate for tapeworms or pinworms
fecal egg count reduction equation?
(pre EPG - Post EPG)/pre EPG
interpretation of FECR?
> 90%= effective
80-90%= repeat in future
<80%= worms are resistant, never use again
external parasite mgt?
rotating pastures
grazing atl. species
nematophagus
manure mgt
