PAPER 3 SYNOPTIC LINKS

Question 1

POTENTIAL LINKS

Answer 1

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION
2. TECTONICS AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)
3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)
4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)
5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)
6. GLOBALISATION AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)
7. SUPERPOWERS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)
8. SUPERPOWERS AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)
9. WATER CYCLE AND CARBON CYCLE (IMPLICATIONS OF DEGRADATION)

Question 2

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PAR MODEL

Answer 2

It show how root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions combine with a natural hazard to create a disaster.

Question 3

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF ROOT CAUSES

Answer 3

ECONOMIC SYSTEM - GLOBALISED ECONOMIC SYSTEM. EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC NETWORKS. FDI BY TNCS IN URBAN REGIONS.

POLITICAL SYSTEM - SWITCHED OFF VS SWITCHED ON NATIONS. LEVELS OF GLOBALISATION (N. KOREA AND SAHEL).

Question 4

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF DYNAMIC PRESSURES

Answer 4

URBANISATION - URBANISATION DUE TO GLOBALISATION. AFTER OPEN DOOR POLICY IN 1978, 300 MILLION PEOPLE LEFT RURAL AREAS FOR CITIES. LARGEST URBAN CENTRES ARE ON THE COAST.

DEFORESTATION - GLOBALISATION LEADS TO INCREASED DEMAND FOR RESOURCES. LEADS TO CLEARING TO EXTRACT RESOURCES.

Question 5

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE CONDITIONS

Answer 5

INFRASTRUCTURE - RAPID URBANISATION LEADS TO SHANTY TOWNS AND SLUMS (VULNERABLE). 80% OF PORT-AU-PRINCE IS UNPLANNED (HAITI 2010). CORRUPT GOVERNMENTS DIRECT INVESTMENT AWAY FROM VULNERABLE AREAS.

ENVIRONMENT - LEVELS OF DETERIORATION OR URBANISATION HURT WATER CYCLE AND CARBON CYCLE PROCESSES

INEQUALITY (LOW INCOME) - HIGH PROFITS FOR TNCS (GENRATE 10% OF THE WORLDS ANNUAL GDP) BUT THERE IS TAX AVOIDANCE. UK GOV IN 2017 ESTIMATED IN 2017 THAT THERE IS A LOSS OF £6BN IN REVENUE

Question 6

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

TRENDS: NUMBER OF FATALITIES SINCE 1960

Answer 6

NUMBER OF FATALITIES DECREASED POTENTIALLY DUE TO GLOBALISATION ALLOWING FOR INFLOWS OF FDI. WORLDWIDE, 1BN PEOPLE HAVE ESCAPED $1.25-A-DAY POVERTY SINCE 1990.

Question 7

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

TRENDS: NUMBER OF PEOPLE BEING AFFECTED SINCE 1960

Answer 7

TOTAL NUMBER AFFECTED INCREASING DUE TO URBANISATION POTENTIALLY. AFTER OPEN DOOR POLICY (CHINA) IN 1978, 300 MILLION PEOPLE LEFT RURAL AREAS FOR CITIES. MAKES THESE REGIONS MORE DENSELY POPULATED.

Question 8

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

TRENDS: ECONOMIC COSTS SINCE 1960

Answer 8

ECONOMIC COSTS HAVE INCREASED DUE TO INCREASED INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND THE COSTS TO REPAIR THEM. ASIAN TIGER ECONOMIES ARE MAJOR RECIPIENTS OF AMERICAN AND EU FDI. ALLOWS WEALTH TO BE RE-INVESTED INTO DEFENCES.

Question 9

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

MULTIPLE HAZARD ZONES: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS.

Answer 9

URBANISATION CAN LEAD TO DEFORESTATION ON HILLSIDES, LANDSLIDES ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN EARTHQUAKE ZONE.

Question 10

1. TECTONICS AND GLOBALISATION

MULTIPLE HAZARD ZONES: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS.

Answer 10

TREES ACT AS A NATURAL DEFENCE AGAINST THE WATER CYCLE (PRECIPITATION). ADDITONALLY, EL NINO MAY CAUSE DROUGHT OR FLOOD CONDITIONS IN SOME REGIONS, DESTROYING LAND OR EXCACERBATING HAZARDS.

Question 11

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

DIRECT REASONS FOR INCREASED DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Answer 11

GLOBALISATION: INDUSTRIALISATION HAS LED TO POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS. AIR POLLUTION IN N. CHINA HAS BEEN ESTIMATED TO REDUCE LIFE EXPECTENCY BY NEARLY 5 YEARS.

SUPERPOWERS:
WB AND IMF CRITICED DUE TO PROVIDING FUNDS TO PROJECTS THAT DAMAGE THE ENVIRONMENT.

Question 12

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

INDIRECT REASONS FOR INCREASED DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Answer 12

GLOBALISATION:
GLOBAL PRODUCTION NETWORKS THROUGH CHEAP TRANSPORT COSTS HELP TNCS MINIMISE COSTS AND MAX PROFITS. HOWEVER THIS RELEASES HIGH CARBON EMISSIONS.

SUPERPOWERS:
IGO’S PROMOTING NEO-LIBERAL PRINCIPLES HAVE DRAWBACKS SUCH AS INEQAULITY, INDUSTRIALISATION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AT THE EXPENSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

Question 13

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

IGOS AND THE PROMOTION OF GLOBALISATION

Answer 13

THE IMF’S CONDITIONS FOR LOANS IS THAT THE COUNTRY HAS TO OPEN UP MARKETS AND INDUSTRIES FROM GOVERNMENT CONTROL, PRIVATISATION. THIS GIVES TNCS THE ABBILITY TO ENTER MARKETS AND EXPLOIT RESOURCES IN THE ECONOMY.

Question 14

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

MASS CONSUMPTION AND CAPITALISM LINKS TO GLOBALISATION (ROSTOWS MODEL)

Answer 14

ROSTOWS MODEL ONLY CONSIDERS A COUNTRY IN ISOLATION FROM THE WORLD WHERE THE DEVELOPMENT IS THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COUNTRY ITSELF. HOWEVER IN A GLOBALISED WORLD, DEVELOPMENT MAY BE LIMITED BY INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND COMPETITION FOR TRADE.

Question 15

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

HOW HAVE TNCS BECOME MORE INFLUENCIAL?

Answer 15

1. ECONOMIES OF SCALE ALOWING FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

2. MOVE TOWARDS CAPITALISM ACROSS THE WORLD THANKS TO IGO INFLUENCE

Question 16

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

HOW DO TNCS INFLUENCE GLOBAL CULTURE?

Answer 16

AMERICA AND EU OWN MOST MAJOR TNCS. MOST GLOBAL MEDIA IS DOMINATED BY THE USA, SO VIEWS ARE EASILY SPREAD.

TRADITIONAL ASIAN DIETS ARE LOW IN MEET. FROM 1990S TILL 2015, MEAT CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ROSE FROM 5KG TO 50KG IN PLACES LIKE CHINA.

Question 17

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

WHAT IS CULTURAL EROSION?

Answer 17

NEW CULTURES CAN DOWNPLAY OTHER CULTURES. DUE TO THE VALUE OF CULTURE TO SOME COMMUNITIES, IT CAN CAUSE CONFLICT ESPECIALLY AMONGST INDIGENOUS GROUPS.

Question 18

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

CULTURAL EROSION ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT?

Answer 18

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CAN BE VIEWED AS A RESOURCE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH.

DEFORESTATION THREATENS BIODIVERSITY, CARBON, AND WATER CYCLE.

GLOBALISATION INCREASES DEMAND FOR RESOURCES LIKE WOOD. DERIVED DEMAND LEADS TO EMPLOYMENT FOR THOSE IN LOGGING COMPANIES.

Question 19

4. GLOBALISATION AND SUPERPOWERS (IGOS)

FACTORS BEHIND SCALES OF MIGRATION

Answer 19

GLOBALISATION:
MIGRANTS ARE ATTRACTED TO GLOBAL HUBS CITIES WITH EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SERVICES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE.

SUPERPOWERS:
EU SUPERPOWER SEES LABOUR MIGRATION FROM EAST TO WEST HELPS FILL IN VACANCIES.

Question 20

6. GLOBALISATION AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)

CONTROLLING THE NEGATIVES OF GLOBALISATION (FIRST NATIONS)

Answer 20

NATURAL RESOURCES -NEGOTIATING WITH OIL COMPANIES, FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE COULD PROFIT WITHOUT COMPROMISING INDIGENOUS IDENTITY AND LANDS

Question 21

6. GLOBALISATION AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)

HOW DOES FIRST NATIONS RETAIN CULTURE?

Answer 21

• 100 CULTURAL CENTRES TO HELP PRESERVE TRADITIONS
• RESERVATIONS ARE SELF GOVERNED
• FORT MCKAY NEGOTIATED A 20 KM EXCLUSION ZONE BETWEEN ITS MOOSE LAKE RESERVE LANDS AND OIL SAND EXTRACTION

Question 22

3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY

Answer 22

WHEN PEOPLE RISK LOSING WEALTH OR ASSETS DURING A HAZARD. MAY BE LARGER IN MEDCS THAN LEDCS.

Question 23

3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

Answer 23

COMMUNITIES ARE UNABLE TO SUPPORT DISADVANTAGED OR POOR. COULD BE LINKED BACK TO HOW UNEQUAL THE SOCIETY MAY BE.

Question 24

3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

Answer 24

AT RISK TO PHYSICAL THREATS OR CLIMATIC THREATS SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE. MAY BE WORSENED IF WATER SUPPLIES ARE DEPLETED DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING FACTORS.

Question 25

3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

Answer 25

AT RISK TO PHYSICAL THREATS OR CLIMATIC THREATS SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE. MAY BE WORSENED IF WATER SUPPLIES ARE DEPLETED DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING FACTORS.

Question 26

3. TECTONICS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

FACTORS LEADING TO DIMINISHING WATER SUPPLY AND UNCERTAINTY

Answer 26

1. ANNUAL TMEPS LEAD TO GREATER EVAPORATION OF SURFACE WATER AND RESERVOIRS IN SUMMER. THOUGH SPRING DISCHARGE MAY INCREASE.
2. ENSO LEADS TO UNRELIABLE PATTERNS OF RAINFALL AND MONSSONS
3. INCREASED INTENSITY OF DROUGHTS, LEADING TO DEPLETING GROUNDWATER STORES

Question 27

5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

REASONS WHY DEMAND FOR WATER HAS RISEN

Answer 27

1. POPULATION GROWTH - GENERALLY MORE PEOPLE = MORE WATER NEEDED
2. GROWING MIDDLE CLASS - INCREASE IN WATER DEMAND TO FIT LIFESTYLE NEEDS
3. ECONOMIC GROWTH - INCREASED INDUSTRIAL DEMAND

Question 28

5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

REASONS WHY SUPPLY CANT MEET DEMAND FOR WATER

Answer 28

ACQUIFERS ARE DUG FOR WATER INTENSE PURPOSES. WATER TABLES DROP TO A POINT WHERE WATER IS BEING EXTTRACTED AT A FASTER RATE THAN SOIL IS ABLE TO RECHARGE.

Question 29

5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

HUMAN CAUSES FOR WATER INSECURITY

Answer 29

POLLUTION - INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY AND POPULATION PRESSURE REDUCE ACCESSIBBILITY TO CLEAN WATER.

Question 30

5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Answer 30

AGRICULTURE CONSUMES AROUND 67% OF ALL WATER EXTRACTIONS. OVER 20% OF ALL EXTRACTED WATER IS USED IN INDUSTRIES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION.

Question 31

5. GLOBALISATION AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

PHYSICAL REAONS FOR WATER INSECURITY

Answer 31

WATER IS SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED UNEVENLY. 66% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVE IN AREAS WHICH ONLY HAVE ACCESS TO 25% OF THE WORLD’S ANNUAL RAINFALL. CAN CAUSE CONFLICT

Question 32

7. SUPERPOWERS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

UN GOALS TO REDUCE WATER CONFLICT

Answer 32

UNECE WATER CONVENTION AIMS TO PROTECT AND ENSURE QUANTITY AND QUALITY WATER USAGE OF TANS-BOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES BY HELPING WITH COOPERATION.

IWRM POLICY SETS OUT THATR WATER RESOURCCES ARE AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEMS, A RESOURCE AND A SOCIO-ECONOMIC GOOD.

Question 33

7. SUPERPOWERS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

REDUCING WATER CONFLICT IN THE NILE

Answer 33

At a local scale, key players are the water users (farmers, industrialists and households). Their views may differ from those of the planners, environmentalists and water providers. Internationally, the key players are those governments and users of trans-boundary water sources. In some cases, it may be necessary to call in the mediating services of UN agencies.

Question 34

7. SUPERPOWERS AND WATER CYCLE (INSECURITY)

NILE CONTEXT

Answer 34

1. The Nile is the world’s longest river, at 6,700 km.
2. 11 countries compete for its water.
3. Currently, in 2017, 300 million people lived within the Nile basin and such is the rate of population growth that total is set to double by 2019. All these people will need the waters of the Nile for domestic consumption and for growing crops.
4. The Nile is also expected to generate HEP.
5. Potential flash points have been dams and barrages built in Sudan and Ethiopia that deprive downstream Egypt of its fair share of Nile water.

Question 35

8. SUPERPOWERS AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)

WHAT ARE THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS WITH REGARDS TO THE CARBON CYCLE?

Answer 35

HIGH RESOURCE CONSUMPTION HAS CAUSED PROBLEMS LIKE WORSENED URBAN AIR QUALITY, INCREASED IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, AND DEFORESTATION.

Question 36

8. SUPERPOWERS AND CARBON CYCLE (DEGRADATION OF SOURCES)

HOW DOES THE GROWING MIDDLECLASS IMPACT SECURITY?

Answer 36

FOOD SECURITY - Land used for staple foods will be converted to produce meat and dairy products, which are more expensive to produce and release more greenhouse gases. This will cause food prices to rise, which would affect the poorest worst.

WATER SECURITY - By 2030, it is estimated that 60% of places in India will face water scarcity. This could also worsen food security, as droughts induce crop failures and famine.

ENERGY SECURITY - Oil demand is expected to rise by 30% by 2030. Prices of oil will increase and there may be shortages, causing electricity blackouts. Countries with vast reserves are likely to be in a good position (e.g. Russia) whereas countries not self-sufficient will be left vulnerable to exploitation.