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A-Level Geography > GEOGRAPHY PAPER 3 > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

Define natural hazards.

A

Any natural process is a potential threat to human life and property.

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2
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

Define natural disaster.

A

The realisation of a hazard, when it ‘causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population’.

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3
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

When does a hazard become a disaster?.

A
  • When 10 or more people are killed and/or 100 people or more are affected
  • Large insurers define it as economic losses of over $1.5 million
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4
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What is Degg’s model?

A

A model that shows the interaction between hazards, disasters and human vulnerability.

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5
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

Why is the relationship between risks, hazards and people complex?

A
  • Unpredictability
  • Lack of alternatives
  • Dynamic hazards
  • Cost-benefit
  • ‘Russian roulette reaction’
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6
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How can unpredictability make relationships between hazards and people complex?

A

Many hazards are not predictable; people may be caught out by either the timing or the magnitude of an event.

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7
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How can a lack of alternatives make relationships between hazards and people complex?

A

People may stay in a hazardous area due to a lack of options, this may be for economic reasons (work), lack of space to move, or a lack of skills or knowledge

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8
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How can dynamic hazards make relationships between hazards and people complex?

A

The threat from hazards is not a constant one, and it may increase or decrease over time. Human influence may also change the location or increase the frequency or magnitude of hazardous events.

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9
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How can cost-benefit make relationships between hazards and people complex?

A

The benefits of a hazardous location may well outweigh the risks involved in staying there. Perception of risk may also play a role.

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10
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How does Japan compare to Myanmar in terms of hazard exposure?

A
  • Japan - A range of natural hazards and is highly exposed.
  • Myanmar - Significantly high natural hazard component due to the potential for tsunami and earthquakes (and floods and storms).
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11
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How does Japan compare to Myanmar in terms of vulnerability?

A
  • Japan - Vulnerability is high compared to other wealthy nations due to the ageing population but is still low risk.
  • Myanmar - Moderate risk though a relatively low score - few shocks in recent years.
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12
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How does Japan compare to Myanmar in terms of coping capacity?

A
  • Japan - Coping capacity is good, the elderly tend to be educated, have high internet connectivity, effective government and low gender inequality.
  • Myanmar - Poor coping capacity; low level of internet/mobile phone access for older people; poor education.
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13
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How does Japan compare to Myanmar according to the UNISDR?

A
  • Japan - Although Japan is highly exposed it’s ranked 133rd out of 190 due to its strong coping capacity and lower levels of vulnerability.
  • Myanmar - Myanmar is ranked 7th out of 190 nations, meaning disaster risk to elderly citizens is very high.
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14
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

Define resilience.

A

According to the UNISDR, the resilience of a community with respect to potential hazard events is determined by the degree to which the community has the necessary resources and is capable of organising itself both prior to and during times of need.

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15
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

Why do some communities have a high capacity to cope with high resilience?

A
  • They have emergency evacuation, rescue and relief systems in place.
  • They react by helping each other, to reduce the numbers affected.
  • Hazard-resistant design or land-use planning has reduced the numbers at risk.
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16
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How does age affect resilience?

A

Age affects resilience as children and old people suffer more. Around 66% of those over 60 live in less-developed regions, expected to rise to 79% by 2050.

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17
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How is Japan vulnerable in terms of age?

A

2011 tsunami killed 15,000 and 9500 injured or missing. 56% of those who died were aged 65+, although they comprised 23% of the population in the affected area

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18
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What is meant by risk? What does high risk mean?

A
  • The exposure of people to a hazardous event.

- A high risk means that there is a high probability that the hazard will lead to the loss of lives/livelihood

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19
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What is the hazard risk equation?

A

Risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability / manageability

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20
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

How is risk understood?

A
  • By perception, and the point when a population or community chooses to adjust.
  • However, this varies by the type of hazard and attitudes of decision-makers.
  • People and populations vary in terms of their resilience.
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21
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What does the PAR model suggest?

A

The PAR model links vulnerability to disasters as it shows how the progression of vulnerability occurs and how they lead to disasters. It shows that disasters occur when hazards affect vulnerable people. Ut shows how unsafe conditions and hazards create social vulnerability.

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22
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What had occurred in Haiti in 2010?

A

The 2010 Port-au-Prince earthquake in Haiti. Its magnitude of 7.0 was relatively low, but it is estimated that 160,000 people died. The PAR model can be used to help understand this.

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23
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What were some of the root causes of the disaster (Haiti 2010)?

A
  • Per capita GDP (PPP) US $1200.

- 50% of the population is under 20 years old.

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24
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What were some of the dynamic pressures of the disaster (Haiti 2010)?

A
  • Lack of education, training and investment

- Rapid population change and urbanisation

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25
Q

TECTONICS

1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.

What were some of the unsafe conditions of the disaster (Haiti 2010)?

A
  • 25% of people live in extreme poverty.

- 80% of Port-au-Prince’s housing is unplanned, informal slums.

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26
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What are the three trends for all tectonic disasters?

A
  • Falling death rates (120,000 in 1975 to 20,000 in 2015)
  • Reported number of disasters has fallen (from 900 in 1975 to 360 in 2012)
  • Number of people affected by the disasters has risen (from 55 million in 1975 to 260 million in 2015)
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27
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

Summarise the trends in tectonic hazards in terms of Earthquakes.

A
  • There has been no change in the number of earthquake disasters since 1980, which varies between 15 and 40 each year.
  • Earthquake deaths are very variable: there were fewer than 1000 deaths worldwide in 2012 and 2014, yet more than 200,000 in 2010 and 2004.
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28
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What is the trend with regards to Earthquakes?

A

Overall, there are fewer earthquake deaths than there were 30-40 years ago, but the impact of single megadisasters skews the data.

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29
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What is the economic trend for Earthquake economic losses?

A

The trend for earthquake economic losses is upwards, averaging about $20-40 billion per year but, once again, this is affected by very few large events.

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30
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

Why are volcanic disasters less frequent than earthquakes?

A

Volcanic disasters are much less frequent than earthquake ones and deaths from eruptions are now rare.

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31
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

When was the last major volcanic disaster?

A

The last time an eruption killed more than 1000 people was in Cameron in 1986 (Lake Nyos) and only seven eruptions since 1980 have killed more than 100 people.

32
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

Why is reporting disaster impacts, especially deaths, controversial?

A
  1. Whether deaths were from direct or indirect causes.
  2. Local or regional events in remote places are often under-recorded.
  3. Declaration of disaster deaths and casualties may be subject to political bias. The 2004 Asian tsunami was almost completely ignored in Myanmar but perhaps initially overstated in parts of Thailand, where tourists were killed, and then played down to protect Thai tourism.
  4. Statistics on major disasters are difficult to collect, particularly in remote rural areas of low human development countries. This was the case in the Kashmir earthquake of 2005 or densely populated squatter settlements like the Caracas landslides in 2003-04.
  5. Time-trend analysis is also difficult. This is because mega-disaster, as seen with the 2004 tsunami can inflate data.
33
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What are multiple hazard zones?

A

Multiple hazard zones are places where two or more natural hazards occur, and in some cases interact to produce complex disasters. Examples are California, Indonesia and Japan.

34
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

In terms of multiple hazard zones, what do the Philippines and Californian Coasts share in common in terms of volcanoes?

A
  • Phillippines - volcanoes are very common such as Pinatubo and Mount Mayon. They are violent volcanic eruptions made up of andesitic magma, lahars, and pyroclastic flows.
  • California - only really in the Cascades subduction zone.
35
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

In terms of multiple hazard zones, what do the Philippines and Californian Coasts share in common in terms of earthquakes?

A
  • Philippines - has subduction zones (which can vary from shallow to deep)
  • California - has conservative plate margins (usually shallow)
36
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

In terms of multiple hazard zones, what do the Philippines and Californian Coasts share in common in terms of landslides?

A
  • Philippines - frequent; associated with earthquakes, heavy rain, and coastal erosion
  • California - frequent; linked to typhoons and deforestation
37
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What do multiple hazard zones consist of?

A
  • They are tectonically active and so earthquakes (and often eruptions) are common.
  • They are geologically young with unstable mountain zones prone to landslides.
  • They are often on major storm tracks either in the mid-latitudes or on tropical cyclone tracks.
38
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

What famously happened during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo?

A

Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines the area was struck by Typhoon Yunga. Heavy rainfall from the typhoon mobilised volcanic ash into destructive lahars. This shows how linked hydrometeorological hazards can contribute to tectonic disasters.

39
Q

TECTONICS

1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts.

A multiple hazard zone with complex hazards is a combination of what?

A
  • Tectonic hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides
  • Hydro-meteorological: flood, drought, storms, tropical cyclones
40
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is a ‘switched off’ country?

A

Places, nations, regions or cities that are poorly connected and isolated from global networks due to conflict, political instability or debt.

41
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is a politically switched off country?

A
  • North Korea is a hereditary autocracy ruled by Kim Jong-Un.
  • It’s run as a one-party system with a command economy organised on the communist system.
  • Since 1955 it has followed the policy of June ‘self-sufficiency’, minimising trade with other countries.
  • Ordinary North Koreans have no access to the internet or social media. There are no undersea data cable connections.
  • Emigration and foreign tourism by ordinary North Koreans are prohibited.
42
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What was North Korea’s predicted PPP in 2014?

A

NK had GNI per capita (PPP) US$ 4,600 in 2014 & medium human development (no official UN HDI figure).

43
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is the Sahel region?

A

The Sahel region is an area of west Africa just south of the Sahara Desert, e.g. Chad, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso…

44
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What do the countries of the Sahel region share in common?

A
  • They all have low GDI per capita - Chad $2100, Burkina Faso and Mali $1600, Niger $908.
  • And low HDI - Mali, 0.419; Burkina Faso, 0.402; Chad, 0.392; Niger, 0.348.
45
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is the economic state of the Sahel?

A
  • Poor infrastructure and low literacy levels of the working-age population make it unattractive for offshore FDI
  • Low-income levels mean it lacks the market size to attract retail outlet FDI. Few households other than the elite can afford to purchase imported goods or engage in foreign tourism.
46
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What industry dominates the rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Sahel?

A

Rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Sahel, are dominated by a subsistence farming economy with food produced to eat, not to sell. These places are also poor, and their capacity to create connections is limited.

47
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is the physical state of the Sahel?

A
  • All four Sahel region countries are landlocked, rely on poor quality roads, and have freedom of passage through neighbouring countries to access coastal ports.
  • Resulting high transport costs may make exports unattractive in foreign markets and deter FDI.
48
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is the environmental state of the Sahel?

A
  • Sahel region countries have a semi-arid climate with 200-400 mm of precipitation p.a., making agricultural exports reliant on a good rainy season.
  • Climate change is increasing aridity, leading to desertification as savanna gives way to desert. This reduces the land area available for producing agricultural exports.
49
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What is the political state of the Sahel?

A
  • Political parties based on ethnicity/religion lead to political instability with frequent coups or civil wars, e.g. Tuareg attempted succession in Mali in 2012.
  • High level of corruption and uncertainty over contract enforcement makes it unattractive for FDI.
50
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What have some TNCs been doing in the Sahel?

A

Some TNCs have invested in primary resource extraction e.g. cotton production in Mali.

51
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

What percentage of the population has access to the internet and mobile phones in the Sahel.

A

Although only 4% population have access to the internet nearly 8% own mobile phones & a higher proportion have access to one.

52
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.3 Globalisation has affected some places and organisations more than others.

In what ways are Sahelian people interacting with the world?

A
  • Mali folk music has a large Youtube following.

- Niger is an active participant in UN Peacekeeping operations.

53
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What is the global shift?

A

The global shift refers to how manufacturing and industrial activity has shifted from different parts of the world.

54
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

Where was manufacturing dominated prior to the 1960s?

A

Prior to the 1960s, manufacturing industries were located in the west of Europe and the US. However, after the 1960s, industries relocated to the East to countries like China and India, due to their large, unskilled workforce.

55
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What are some benefits of outsourcing services to India?

A
  • Workers receive middle-class wages which have meant that their disposable incomes have increased.
  • Other businesses have seen more customers and more spending, especially the likes of shopping malls and nightclubs (a positive multiplier effect).
  • People running the companies where services are outsourced have seen increasing profits.
56
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What are some negatives of outsourcing services to India?

A
  • Many workers believe that they are exploited, with long shifts and still lower pay than MEDC workers.
  • Employees have become demotivated due to the repetitiveness nature of their work.
  • The inequality between the richest and poorest is increasing as the poorest are not well educated and cannot benefit from outsourcing jobs.
57
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What are some benefits of outsourcing manufacturing to China?

A
  • New production methods and techniques brought by TNCs have now been adopted by local companies, so causing local economic development.
  • Locals, especially in rural areas who would otherwise be dependent on subsidence farming, now earn a wage.
58
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What are some negatives of outsourcing manufacturing to China?

A
  • Many employees have been exploited and their working conditions are dangerous such as chemical contact, long hours, limited human rights, and relaxed health & safety regulations.
  • The environment has been degraded. Rivers and waterways become polluted with arsenic, lead and other dangerous chemicals.
  • The air becomes polluted with particulates, which increases asthma suffers and pollution-related fatalities.
59
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

With regards to China, what are some examples of severe pollution?

A
  • Severe air pollution in cities like Beijing, where air pollution is regularly above the World Health Organisation’s safe limits.
  • Beijing’s six million cars and coal-burning power stations are the source of this pollution, close to 50% of the world’s coal are burnt in China.
  • Around 50% of China’s rivers and lakes and 40% of its groundwater are polluted - so much that it is unsafe to drink untreated.
60
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

With regards to China, what are some examples of damage to the environment?

A
  • Over 20% of China is subject to desertification and severe soil erosion, which can create major dust storms.
  • Combined with deforestation, desertification has forced many farmers off their land and into cities as the farmland has been over-exposed.
  • The WWF reported that in the last 40 years almost half of China’s land-based vertebrate species have been lost and biodiversity has suffered.
61
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What are some environmental problems found in developing countries?

A
  • Togo (HDI 0.484) lost 60% of the rainforest area to supply timber to manufacturing industries. Nigeria’s (HDI 0.514) forest area halved.
62
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.4 The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

What did the Zoological Society of London show with regards to biodiversity decline?

A

Living Planet Index compiled by the Zoological Society of London shows a 61% decline in biodiversity in tropical areas from 1970-to 2008. ​

63
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What are international migrants attracted to?

A

Migrants are especially attracted to global hub cities, those with an unusually high density of transport, business, political and cultural connections to the world, like London, Dubai or New York.

64
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What do Russian oligarch billionaires invest in London?

A
  • Some cities, like London, attract exceptionally wealthy migrants. An example is Russian oligarch billionaires investing in property in London and living there some of the time.
  • This happens partly so the oligarchs can easily send their children to the UK’s elite private schools, and partly to move money out of Russia and invest it in London property.
65
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

In 2015, how much of the UAE’s population was from India?

A

In 2015, 27% of the UAE’s population was from India.

66
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

In terms of the Oligarchs, how do they help improve the lives of UK citizens?

A

It is thought that Oligarchs purchasing elite property in London has caused UK house prices to escalate, which questions the ‘trickle-down theory that their money would eventually improve other UK citizens, through business and tax.

67
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

In terms of the low wage international migration, why do a lot of Filipino workers move to Saudi Arabia?

A
  • Around 1.5 million migrants from the Philippines arrived in Saudi Arabia in 1973, when oil prices started rising.
  • Some work in construction and transport. Others work as doctors in Riyadh. Around $7bn is returned to the Philippines annually as remittances.
68
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What are the benefits of international migration to the host country?

A
  • Can help fill skills gaps.
  • Working migrants contribute to
    the economy through paying taxes
    and buying goods & services.
  • Increase in cultural and
    demographic diversity.
  • Young migrants can help to
    balance an ageing population, or
    increase a dwindling population
    overtime.
  • Businesses have a larger pool of
    potential employees or customers.
69
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What are the benefits of international migration to the source country?

A
  • Migrants send back remittances which
    can aid in the development and reduce
    poverty without government
    intervention.
- Migrants become skilled and can
come back to set up their own
businesses, encouraging local
economic growth and employment
opportunities.
  • Reduced service spending for the
    government as the population declines.
70
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What are the negatives of international migration to the host country?

A
  • There could be strains on services (e.g. healthcare, education) due to an increasing
    population.
  • House price inflation due to higher demand.
71
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.5 The scale and pace of economic migration have increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment.

What are the negatives of international migration to the source country?

A
  • Brain drain due to skilled workers leaving.
  • Migrants tend to be young, so the elderly and their families are left behind and can become isolated.
  • Decline in services due to low customer
    numbers, which can lead to the negative
    multiplier effect, in turn, reducing other
    businesses and services.
  • Agricultural land not taken care of, with
    potential dereliction.
72
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.6 The emergence of global culture, based on western ideas, consumption, and attitudes towards the physical environment, is one outcome of globalisation.

What is cultural erosion?

A

Cultural erosion describes the process of a culture losing many of its core elements.

73
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.6 The emergence of global culture, based on western ideas, consumption, and attitudes towards the physical environment, is one outcome of globalisation.

What are examples of France resisting cultural change?

A

The French government has attempted to control globalisation by restricting foreign-language media (40% of all broadcasts must be French).

74
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.6 The emergence of global culture, based on western ideas, consumption, and attitudes towards the physical environment, is one outcome of globalisation.

What are examples of China resisting cultural change?

A

‘The Great Firewall of China’ prevents information unfavourable to the government or foreign media outlets. Within China, you cannot access the BBC, use Facebook or search for politically sensitive information (such as Tiananmen Square)

75
Q

GLOBALISATION

3.6 The emergence of global culture, based on western ideas, consumption, and attitudes towards the physical environment, is one outcome of globalisation.

What are examples of Iran resisting cultural change?

A

In the early 2000s, the government banned Barbie dolls and confiscated them all from stores as they weren’t seen as appropriate for the Islamic State.

A-Level Geography (34 decks)

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