A-Level Geography: Migration, Identity and Sovereignty EQ1

Question 1

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

How has globalisation led to an increase in both internal and international migration?

Answer 1

• This is due to the advancement of transport networks which allow people to travel easily to live and work.
• The rise in global trading has encouraged the rise in international migrants.

Question 2

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are the main causes for migration?

Answer 2

• Family
• Economic reasons
• Remittances
• Politics/war

Question 3

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Fact: What does World Bank data suggest between 1995 and 2004 with regards to remittances received in Nepal?

Answer 3

World Bank data suggests that between 1995 and 2004, remittances received in Nepal rose 9% and the incidence of poverty fell 11%.

Question 4

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Fact: How many Rohingya people had moved out of Myanmar in 2018?

Answer 4

At least, 700,000 Rohingya people had to move out of Myanmar because of persecution in 2018.

Question 5

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is Friedman’s core-periphery model?

Answer 5

Friedman’s core-periphery model views migration as an efficient way to maximise output and profits. People are treated as an economic resource that businesses use (or hire).

Question 6

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

According to Friedman’s Core-Periphery Model, what is the ‘core?’

Answer 6

• Friedman argued that uneven growth is caused by a natural advantage (e.g. strategic position on a trading route like Antwerp or a rich wealth of raw materials like the USA).
• The ‘core’ has this natural advantage and other areas do not.

Question 7

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are some of the backwash effects of Core-Periphery Model?

Answer 7

• Over time, the imbalance between the natural advantage of the core and other areas (the periphery) becomes larger.
• Migrants, resources and investment continue to move from the periphery towards the core.
• The movement of these people, resources and capital are called backwash effects.
• Free trade, free migration and deregulated financial/capital markets are important for allowing these backwash effects to happen.
• Investment and migration are all towards the core.

Question 8

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

How does migration maximise total world output?

Answer 8

• Migration is an efficient way to maximise the output of the whole system (in the world).
• People move to the most productive place (the core) where output and profits are maximised.
• Friedman argued that borders should be open to facilitate this.

Question 9

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What do some economists argue are negative backwash effects the Core-Periphery Model suggests?

Answer 9

They argue that effects may consist of the periphery being harmed by things such as the brain drain, this is where the educated and skilled population leave the country they were home to.

Question 10

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is Friedman’s main argument against the negative backwash effects of the Core-Periphery Model?

Answer 10

Friedman argues that the effects are balanced by the positive spread effects. This is where the profits and output of the core trickle down to the periphery.

Question 11

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are the reasons for rural-urban migration in China?

Answer 11

Global shift from Europe and America to the Asian economies in the 1970s and 80s.

Question 12

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are some restrictions utilised to reduce rural-urban migration within China?

Answer 12

Since the 1950s, the new communist government introduced restrictions on internal migration to keep people in rural areas. This was known as the Hukou System.

Question 13

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are some problems with these restrictions utilised to reduce rural-urban migration within China?

Answer 13

Now that China depend on manufacturing and service industries within cities, the Hukou system has become too restrictive. Which is why policy reform has been gradual over the years.

Question 14

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Why do certain countries see different rates of migration?

Answer 14

• Different countries have different rates of change and different population structures as a result.
• This may be due to government policy making or levels of engagement within the globalised world.

Question 15

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Fact: What are some Japan’s population problems?

Answer 15

It’s population is declining. 27% are aged 65 and over and its working age population is expected to drop to 44 million by 2037, half of what it was in 2007.

Question 16

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Fact: Most advanced economies usually have a migrant make up of what percentage?

Answer 16

• In most advanced economies, around 5% of people usually immigrants.
• However this is only 1.7% for Japan.

Question 17

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What does the UN estimate Japan requires in migrants by 2050?

Answer 17

The UN estimates Japan requires 17 million migrants by 2050 to make sure population levels don’t drop below 2007 levels.

Question 18

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

In Japan’s case, what are the main reasons as to why immigration is restricted?

Answer 18

• Limited due to the fact Japanese isn’t an international language, thus many don’t speak it.
• Japan also has closed-door policies towards migrants. Politically, the ‘no-immigration’ principle is widely supported.

Question 19

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are Australia’s immigration policies based on strictly?

Answer 19

They are strictly based on skills and employment.

Question 20

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What percentage of immigrants in Australia were accepted to fill in shortages?

Answer 20

70% of immigrants accepted came to work in areas with skill shortages. Most immigrants live in major cities like Melbourne.

Question 21

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

On average, immigrants contribute what percentage more per capita to Australia’s GDP each year than non-immigrants?

Answer 21

On average, immigrants contribute 10% more per capita to Australia’s GDP each year than non-immigrants.

Question 22

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

How many economic migrants were allowed to enter Australia in 2013?

Answer 22

In 2013, only 190,000 economic migrants were allowed to enter Australia.

Question 23

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

Briefly describe Singapore’s population.

Answer 23

• Singapore’s population consists of a high percentage of foreign workers.
• Among the 5 million people, there is great ethnic diversity.

Question 24

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is Singapore’s economic status?

Answer 24

It is the 4th largest financial centre. Many TNCs have the Asia-Pacific HQs in Singapore.

Question 25

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

How does Singapore cater education towards migrants?

Answer 25

Many international schools have been set up to cater education towards those who may not speak Mandarin or Malay.

Question 26

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

How can culture lead to greater diversity in countries?

Answer 26

• Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values and traditions (e.g. behaviour, dress, art, music, language, food and religion).
• Migration can lead to greater cultural and ethnic diversity in many countries.
• Assimilation of migrants into the home population can lead to an evolving culture, inter-marriage and increased social mixing.

Question 27

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What is ethnicity?

Answer 27

• Ethnicity relates to groups of people who share a common ancestry. Ethnicity is often based on race.
• A person’s race is based on the physical and genetic characteristics of that person.

Question 28

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What is segregation?

Answer 28

• Segregation is where people of different ethnicities and cultures live grouped together in their own clusters.
• Segregation tends to be more concentrated in large urban areas. Banlieues in Paris are suburbs. Generally, the same racial groups & cultures group in banlieues.

Question 29

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What is assimilation?

Answer 29

• Assimilation describes the eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant or minority community.
• In London, council estates are spread across the city rather than grouped in one area.

Question 30

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are some reasons why conflict may develop amongst a host country?

Answer 30

• Conflict can develop between host communities and ‘newcomers’. If migrants do not speak the host language well, this can cause tensions and fear.
• People with nationalist or patriotic feelings may feel threatened by new arrivals.

Question 31

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are some reasons why conflict may develop amongst a source country?

Answer 31

• Migrants leaving can result in a ‘brain drain’ of skilled labour out of the country of origin. Although remittances may be sent back to families it may be hard to offset the loss of skilled labour.
• Brain drain can also be called human capital flight.
• The IAB estimates that Cambodia has lost roughly 50% of its skilled labour to brain drain.

Question 32

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What is human trafficking and how does it affect the source country?

Answer 32

• Those migrating may have to work with human traffickers. This leaves people, particularly women and children, vulnerable to exploitation and forced labour.
• It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 modern slaves, doing forced unpaid labour in the UK.

Question 33

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

How do international borders act as areas of conflict between control authorities from other countries.

Answer 33

• The border between France and Britain at Calais had the ‘Calais Jungle’ full of migrants held at the border between the two countries.
• Who is responsible for monitoring illegal migrants and human traffickers is often unclear.

Question 34

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

How does the EU react with regards to refugees and populist parties?

Answer 34

• The EU supports the free movement of labour within its members.
• However, when migrant ships arrive at the border or coast, many countries refuse to let the boat land, forcing them to continue their journey on often dangerous ships.
• Viktor Orban, Hungarian Prime Minister has argued against EU money going to migrants and does not support the EU’s stance on migrants.

Question 35

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the advantages of migration in a source country?

Answer 35

• Money is sent home through remittances.
• Decreases resource and job pressure for the economy.
• Migrants may return with better skills and talent (University Students).

Question 36

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the disadvantages of migration in a source country?

Answer 36

• People of working age move out, reducing the size of the country’s potential workforce.
• Gender imbalances are caused as it is typically men who seek to find employment elsewhere.
• ‘Brain drain’ if many skilled workers leave.

Question 37

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the advantages of migration in a host country?

Answer 37

• A richer and more diverse culture.
• Helps reduce any labour shortages.
• Migrants are more prepared to take on low paid, low skilled jobs.

Question 38

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the disadvantages of migration in a host country?

Answer 38

• Increasing costs of services such as health care and education.
• Overcrowding.
• Disagreements between different religions and cultures.

Question 39

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is the basis of globalisation?

Answer 39

The movement of capital, goods and people around the world. These movements bring countries closer together and make them increasingly interdependent, at least in an economic sense.

Question 40

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is the link between globalisation and migration?

Answer 40

Globalisation is changing the distribution of economic activities, particularly manufacturing. This is therefore changing the spatial pattern of the global demand for labour. That changing pattern, in turn, acts as a stimulus to migration, both between and within countries.

Question 41

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is an example of immigration policy used by a relatively homogenous society?

Answer 41

• Japan is an example. Less than 2% are foreign-born. Despite becoming a global hub, migration rules make it difficult for immigrants to settle permanently.
• Policies are based on the longstanding wish to keep Japan’s population ‘pure’ (i.e. free from ethnic mixing).
• However, the acute ageing of the population is crying out for an infusion of young immigrants.

Question 42

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is an example of immigration policy used by a relatively heterogeneous society?

Answer 42

• Australia is an example. The policies here are much more pragmatic.
• Currently, it operates a points system for economic migrants depending on the skills that the country requires at any point in time.
• The number of residential visas is strictly limited on an annual basis.

Question 43

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is an example of environmental change impacting global migration?

Answer 43

Global warming is already causing people to leave regions, such as the Sahel, where subsistence agriculture and human survival are threatened by desertification.

Question 44

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is an example of political events impacting global migration?

Answer 44

The conflict in Syria between the Assad regime and its opponents and the mindless bombing of civilians has prompted a mass exodus of refugees (estimated at 5 million), with most heading in the general direction of Europe.

Question 45

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are economic migrants?

Answer 45

A voluntary form of migration. They are motivated by a need for employment and the opportunity to enjoy a better quality of life.

Question 46

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What are refugees?

Answer 46

A refugee is defined by the UN as someone whose reasons for moving are genuinely to do with fear of persecution (e.g. as a result of belonging to an ethnic minority) or death (e.g. military conflicts, environmental disaster). A refugee might hope eventually to return home.

Question 47

8B.1 Globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them.

What is an asylum seeker?

Answer 47

An asylum seeker is a sort of refugee driven not just by persecution but also by hardship and other compelling circumstances. They seek to gain entry to another country, with the long-term aim of settling there.

Question 48

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What is meant by the term assimilation?

Answer 48

The eventual adoption by an immigrant of the cultural traits belonging to the host or majority community.

Question 49

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What did the UK do to attract migration after the Second World War?

Answer 49

The UK government did much to encourage immigration from these former colonies to help meet the acute shortage of labour following the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Question 50

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the reasons why immigration causes political tensions?

Answer 50

• Immigration running at a high rate could cause concerns about competition for jobs, reducing wage rates, pressures on housing, schools and medical services.
• The arrival of migrants from different ethnic groups can provoke tensions in different ways — by characteristically high birth rates, by association with countries linked to terrorism or by an unwillingness to become assimilated.
• These sorts of concerns can create tensions that give rise to the formation of protest groups. The concerns might also be taken up by one or more of the established political parties.

Question 51

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are some different perceptions of Mexican immigrants in the USA?

Answer 51

• Many illegal immigrants have crossed the border; as a result, all Mexicans are treated with suspicion and perhaps hostility.
• Welcomed by hotels, restaurants, cafes, vineyards etc. as providing cheap labour and willing to take on jobs generally shunned by Americans.

Question 52

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are two factors that affect people’s ability to cross national borders?

Answer 52

• Education gives would-be migrants both skills in demand and an informed awareness of opportunities overseas.
• Migration policies of the destination country. Absence of border controls.
• Family and friends who have already made the crossing.

Question 53

8B.3 The consequences of international migration are varied and disputed.

What are the cost and benefits of remittances?

Answer 53

• Costs: easy for recipients to become too dependent on remittances rather than seeking to be responsible for their own survival.
• Benefits: help to supplement the incomes of poor households, often the difference between survival and starvation; help keep families together.