A-Level Geography: Migration, Identity and Sovereignty KEY TERMS Flashcards
Core-periphery systems
The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment.
Backwash
Flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions. This process is responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions within the same country.
Diaspora
A dispersed group of people with a shared cultural background who have spread internationally from their original homeland.
Post-colonial migrants
People who moved to the UK from former colonies of the British Empire during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s
Schengen Agreement
An international agreement that aims to make it easier for people to move freely within the EU. Passports do not usually have to be shown by citizens at the borders of 26 EU and non-EU countries that have agreed to this.
Trickle-down
The positive impacts on the peripheral region on wealth creation on core regions. These may include investment (in the form of back offices or branch plants), regional aid and grants, and the diffusion on innovation, technology and infrastructure from the core to the periphery.
Negative externalities
Costs suffered by people and places as a result of changing economic activity. These may be unintended social or environmental impacts, such as unemployment or pollution.
Ethnicity
The shared identity if an ethnic group which may be based on common ancestral roots or cultural characteristics such as language, religion, diet or clothing.
Assimilation
The eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant or minority community.
Sovereignty
The ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside influence.
Homogeneous culture
A society where there is very little cultural or ethnic diversity and most people share cultural traits with one another, including language, religion, dress and diet.
Heterogenous culture
A society where there is a high level of culture and or ethnic diversity among its citizens, often resulting in a multi-lingual and multi-faith community.
Nationalism
The belief held by people belonging to a particular nation that their own interests are much more important that those of people belonging to other nations.
Neo-colonial
The indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree of control over the development of their former colonies. This can be achieved through varied means including conditions attached to aid and loans, cultural influence and military or economic support for particular political groups or movements within a developing nation.
Corporate migration
When a TNC changes its corporate identity, relocating its headquarters to a different country.
Transfer pricing
A financial flow occurring when one division of a TNC based in one country charges a division of the same firm based in another country for the supply of a product or a service. It can lead to less corporation tax being paid.
Parent company
The original business that a global TNC has developed around and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole. Both Starbucks and Google are parent companies to global networks of subsidiary businesses.
Tax Haven
A country or territory with a nil or low rate of corporation tax, such as Bermuda.
Expatriate
Someone who has migrated to live in another state but remains a citizen of the state where they were born.
Global governance
The term ‘governance’ suggests broader notions of steering or piloting rather than the direct form of control associated with government. It describes the steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human activity at an international level. At this scale, regulation and laws can be tough to enforce however.
Unilateral intervention
Military intervention undertaken by a state (or group of states) outside the umbrella of the UN.
