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A-Level Geography > A-Level Geography: Regenerating Places EQ1 > Flashcards

A-Level Geography: Regenerating Places EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

What are Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

​Reading and Middlesbrough are similar sized urban areas in southern England and northeast England respectively.

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2
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

In 2015, what was the average hourly male worker pay in Middlesbrough?

A

The average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough was £12.50, and in full-time employment, a worker could expect to earn £532 a week.

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3
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

In 2015, what was the average hourly male worker pay in Reading?

A

The average hourly pay for a male worker in Reading was £14.80, and in full-time employment, a worker could expect to earn £605 a week.

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4
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

In terms of work, what is the percentage with regards to economic activity?

A
  • ​66% of people in Reading are economically active.

- 54% in Middlesbrough are economically active. Part-time employment (which pays less) is also more common.

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5
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

What was the GVA, the value of goods and services produced per person, of the Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • £34,000 per person in Reading.

- £17,000 in Middlesbrough.

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6
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

What were some of the reasons for the economic differences in terms of education?

A
  • In 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading.
  • In 2014, 19% had a University level qualification in Middlesbrough, but 43% in Reading.
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7
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

Why is low pay more common in Middlesbrough?

A

Temporary, low paid and ‘zero-hours contract’ work is more common in Middlesbrough, meaning people have lower job and income security.

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8
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

What were the health indicators of the two Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Health (measured by the percentage of long term sick and disabled) is very high in Middlesbrough (7%) compared to Reading. (3%)

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9
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

How many people as lawyers in Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

28.7%. vs 13.6%

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10
Q

4A.1 Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place.

How many people perform manual work in Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

9.6%. vs 16.7%

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11
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What are the reasons for a change in a place?

A

Reasons for changes in a place might be explained by physical factors, accessibility and connectedness, historical development and the role of local and national planning.

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12
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

In terms of accessibility/connectedness, what are the reasons for changes in a place?

A
  • Access to other places - by road (especially motorways), rail and air.
  • Connections ​help competition for investment and visitors.
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13
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What are greenbelts?

A

The land surrounding cities that cannot be built upon is usually farmland. Development sometimes ‘leapfrogs’ the greenbelt, benefiting places just beyond the greenbelt’s edge.

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14
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What are footloose industries?

A

Footloose industries: those that can be located anywhere; they are not tied to locations by natural resources or fixed infrastructure.

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15
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What are the factors behind the changes in places?

A
  • Accessibility
  • Connectedness
  • History
  • Planning
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16
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

Explain the ‘accessibility’ factors behind Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • Reading is located on the M4, just west of London, with very good rail links. This means it benefits from its proximity to London.
  • Middlesbrough is not on the UK motorway network, or a mainline train route. It is geographically a long distance north of London, the economic core.
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17
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

Explain the ‘connected’ factors behind Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • Reading is close to the global hub airport of Heathrow. Very close to many major universities, including Reading.
  • The local airport, Durham Tees Valley, is potentially closing down. There are also limited higher education opportunities in Middlesbrough.
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18
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

Explain the ‘historic’ factors behind Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • Part of the M4 growth corridor west of London, it has become a centre for footloose industry and services since the 1970s.
  • A centre for industrial revolution mining, shipping, engineering, steel and petrochemicals; however many of these industries have now closed.
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19
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

Explain the ‘planning’ factors behind Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • A London ‘overspill’ town beyond London’s greenbelt; close to rural areas, it is an attractive place to live.
  • A London ‘overspill’ town beyond London’s greenbelt; close to rural areas, it is an attractive place to live.
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20
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How might the physical characteristics of a location change for endogenous and exogenous reasons?

A

Physical
1. Location - Proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development.

  1. Reputation - The attractiveness of an area may influence the assistance and funding it receives.
    - Economy - The function of the place may change - administrative, commercial, retail or industrial.
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21
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How might the infrastructure impact the characteristics of a location change for endogenous and exogenous reasons?

A

Roads (motorways), railways, and airports allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously inaccessible locations.

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22
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How might competition impact the characteristics of a location change for endogenous and exogenous reasons?

A

TNCs relocating to the best regions (new investment, large labour pool). Alternatively, competition from other locations offering a better work environment will take business and investments away from a location.

23
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How might planning impact the characteristics of a location change for endogenous and exogenous reasons?

A

Role of planning by Governments and Stakeholders

  1. Government strategies to restructure the economy - e.g. increasing student numbers, filling skills shortages, becoming self-reliant in energy or food production.
  2. Conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions.
24
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How might the economy impact the characteristics of a location change for endogenous and exogenous reasons?

A

The function of the place may change - administrative, commercial, retail or industrial.

25
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

How can change be measured?

A

Change can be measured using employment trends, demographic change and changes to deprivation levels. Population growth or decline is a key indicator of how economically successful places are.

26
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What were the changes in population between Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • Reading’s population grew from 136,000 in 1991 to 155,000 in 2011.
  • Middlesbrough’s population was 146,000 in 1991 but had fallen to 138,400 by 2011, a decrease of more than 5%.
27
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) attempts to quantify deprivation in England. It uses seven data domains which are weighted toward income and employment.

28
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

What are the measurements used in the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A
  • Income
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Health
  • Crime
  • Barriers to housing and services
  • Living environment
29
Q

4A.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time.

Using the IMD data for 326 local council areas, what were the ranks of Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Using the 2015 IMD data for 326 local council areas in England, Middlesbrough was the 7th most deprived area in England whereas Reading was the 147th, with less than half the level of deprivation in Middlesbrough.

30
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are the regional differences put on Reading?

A
  • London’s greenbelt has made Reading a nearby alternative where development is allowed.
  • Migrants are attracted to Reading, being close to London and close to their UK entry point.
  • Within the M4 corridor, is the preferred location for the hi-tech industry in the UK.
  • Many people live in the area but commute to London.
31
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are the national differences put on Reading?

A

High transport spending in the South and South-East has provided connections: the M4, Heathrow airport, the M40 and the M3.

32
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are the regional differences put on Middlesbrough?

A
  • Iron ore deposits, which were in part the origin of Middlesbrough’s industrial growth, were exhausted decades ago.
  • There are poor road connections to nearby cities such as Leeds and Newcastle, and very poor rail connections.
  • It is close to the North York Moors National Park, but not close enough to benefit from tourism.
33
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are the national differences put on Middlesbrough?

A

It is located in a ‘cut-off’ corner of the North East, too far east of the A1 trunk road, and east coast mainline railway.

34
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

Why was regeneration needed in East London?

A
  • Loss of the docks due to containerisation meant that there was a loss of jobs in the area, particularly the men that worked in the shipping industry
  • Boats became too large to fit the ad, therefore, couldn’t move down the Thames. As a result, the docks moved downstream where the boats could access
  • Between 1970 and 1980 there were 30,000 jobs lost, within 1981 50% of the Docklands being derelict (1000 hectares) - Unemployment levels were at 21%, with males at 24%, which was twice the national average.
35
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of housing, how was the Docklands regenrated?

A
  • 50,000 new homes have been built since 1981 with 8,000 local authority homes being improved.
  • The building of the Silvertown Urban Village which is situated in the Royal Docks contains 9,000 new homes.
36
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of the local community, how was the Docklands regenerated?

A
  • The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) fined in the late 1980s turning programmes to improve qualifications in the area.
  • £20 million was spent on environmental and community projects e.g. local parks and gardens.
37
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of transport, how was the Docklands regenerated?

A
  • The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) opened in 1987, costing £73 million. It operates a full time service from Canary Wharf to Lewisham.
  • London City Airport opened in 1987 situated in the Royal Docks. It handles 4.3 million passengers a year, from 188,000 when it opened in 1987.
38
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of the environment, how was the Docklands regenerated?

A

By 1988 600 hectares of land were reclaimed. Parks and riverside paths were developed, with old houses made to look better. £300 million was spent on improving utilities.

39
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

Who were the key players in the regeneration of the Docklands?

A
  1. London Dockland Development Corporation - attracted investment into the area and physically regenerated the city to have a new image (reimaging).
  2. Central Government - hoped to plan and grant planning permission
  3. Transport for London (TFL) - implemented the DLR and Jubilee line links to the Docklands
  4. Crossrail - responsible for building a new transport hub connecting either end of London by 2020
40
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

How was the regeneration of Docklands successful?

A
  • The docklands now contains some the world biggest banks including HSBC, Barclays and Merrill Lynch Bank of America.
  • There are now 14 million square feet of office and retail space. Many buildings include a canteen, gym, etc which helps businesses attract staff.
  • In 2000 only 28,000 people worked there compared to 105,000 people now working there.
41
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

How did East London seek to further improve its image?

A

London’s successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics had kick-started further regeneration programmes in East London.

42
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of local businesses, how were they negatively impacted by the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration?

A

In a survey undertaken by the Thames Gateway Forum, a number of respondents 26% replied that the Olympics will not be good for their organisation. Around 9% of the 212 businesses, which are required to move away by the end of the year, have yet to agree on an ‘exit strategy’ in part because they cannot afford the cost of relocation

43
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of local residents, how were they negatively impacted by the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration?

A

Despite offers of alternative accommodation and £8,500 compensation, a minority of residents, including the elderly and vulnerable groups are reluctant to move home.

44
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

In terms of costs to the wider community, how were they negatively impacted by the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration?

A

The cost to the wider community. The costs of the Games (such as through tax funding, security and contingency funding) have resulted in the Games costing £9.3bn, well above the original budget. An additional £675m funding has been allocated through lottery funding. This has resulted in other ‘good causes’, that are also supported by the lottery, receiving lower levels of funding in the run-up to the 2012 Games.

45
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

How much investment was brought to East London due to the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration?

A
  • The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to East London, much of which went into transport.
  • Stratford is now second only to King’s Cross as the most connected part of London.
46
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

How was the quality of life after the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration worsened?

A
  • 4964 jobs were removed from the area of the Park to make way for the Olympics.
  • Newham is where one in four families live in overcrowded properties and which in 2015 had over 16,000 households on its housing waiting list.
47
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

How was the quality of life after the 2012 London Olympic Games Legacy regeneration improved?

A
  • The redevelopment of the Lea river decontaminated the land, improving local health, and made a once derelict inaccessible area a pleasant and attractive place to be.
48
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

Why is it important to have a good image and perception?

A
  • Young people may feel they want to leave a place with a poor image.
  • People are attracted to places with positive images.
  • There are likely to be more job opportunities in places with attractive images, because companies, like people, are attracted to them.
49
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What has the UK attempted to measure since 2010?

A

Since 2010, the UK Government has attempted to measure ‘national wellbeing’ by conducting a survey asking people about how they feel about their lives.

50
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What is identity?

A

Identity refers to people’s feelings and perceptions, and their shared beliefs, traditions and ways of life. It can create a sense of community and feeling part of a wider group of similar people.

51
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What have some of the most successful regeneration projects focused on?

A

Rebranding or the development of culture.

52
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are some of the benefits of Cultural Regeneration?

A
  • Most projects use disused industrial brownfield land, which is sustainable.
  • Retail and cultural projects can benefit all - increased local facilities, rising local reputation, new job opportunities, celebration of different faiths.
53
Q

4A.3 Past and present connections have shaped the economic and social characteristics of your chosen places.

What are some of the risks of Cultural Regeneration?

A
  • Due to the scale of some projects (trying to
    improve the entire city of Belfast, for example),
    improvements may be long-term and not
    immediately benefit the locals.

A-Level Geography (34 decks)

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