Paper 3 - Sport and Society Flashcards

Question

CLEGITT (gender) : post-industrial Britain (impact on society and sport)

Answer 1

IMPACT ON SOCIETY Women were expected to marry and have children (financially dependent on husbands). Late 1800’s status of women changed (female educational pioneers emerged who campaigned to bring equal rights for women. The spearheads of the women’s movement were equality in education, voting and owning properties IMPACT ON SPORT Women were encouraged to be more involved in Sport and PE in school. Lawn tennis helped the emancipation of women. (played by middle class women). Provided opportunity for women to be athletic in a non-violent game. Played in privacy of gardens with no specialised clothes. Women also did things like cycling.

Answer 2

IMPACT ON SOCIETY Lower/working class = lack of disposable income Upper class = incredibly wealthy IMPACT ON SPORT Large factories -> owners would pay for an annual excursion for the workers (e.g. to the seaside), increase in swimming Factory owners later provided broken-time payments for workers to take time off to play sport, alongside workers being able to afford to spectate (increase in spectators)

Answer 3

IMPACT OF SOCIETY The growth of factories and machinery within factories meant that working hours were long (72 hours a week) and pay was poor. By end of century (average week = 56 hours) IMPACT OF SPORT Little time and energy for workers to participate in sport Increase in participation as more energy and time Saturday half days: Short period of time for sport to take place -> lower class still had less time than upper class

Answer 4

IMPACT ON SOCIETY The development of railways and improved roads to travel around the country. Fixtures around country + spectators visit venues around country As team, travel further for games (agreed rules needed). Railway had significant impact on regularity + locality of sport. Other transport = bikes IMPACT ON SPORT Horse racing take place more regularly. Cricket teams able to tour country to play(William Clark's All England XI) Leagues and cups were developed in Football

Answer 5

- The factory owners, who once did all they could to prevent their workers playing sport - Working conditions imported when factory owners realised the impact sport had on workers (healthy workforce = more productive workers) - Saturday half day introduced - Factory owners encouraged the formation of work teams

Answer 6

Amateurs: A person who competes in sports but does not receive monetary reward for participating. Came from people from the upper class – they did not need to be paid to play sport ‘gentleman amateurs’. Professionals: A person who competes in sport (e.g., cricket, football and rugby) and earns income by participating. Came from the working class - they could not afford to take time off to play sport ‘working class amateurs’. Received broken-time payments = payments to compensate missing work to play.

Answer 7

- In cricket, amateurs and professionals often played in the same team. However, social distinction was preserved through: Separate changing rooms, working class made to clean kit and boots. Sporting example: The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) hired professionals for bowling and fielding so the gentlemen could practice their batting.

Answer 8

They were called ‘public’ because people attended from all around the country. Middle- and upper-class boys attended public boarding schools. They were exclusive (private) because of the travel and tuition fees involved. In these public schools during 19th century sports/activities developed and became forerunners of sports we know today with rules, facilities and organised ways of playing. Heavily involved in the organisation and promotion of sports. Examples of these ancient schools include : Eton - Football, Harrow - Cricket and Rugby - Rugby

Answer 9

Sport became an important element in public schools. Dr Thomas Arnold, headmaster at Rugby school wanted his pupils to group as moral Christian Gentleman. He promoted the link between sport and Christianity – muscular Christianity (meaning healthy body and mind). Reduced violent behaviour and stopped bullying due to the fagging system being revised. Promoted regular sports, which provided exercise and encouraged healthy competition.

Answer 10

Promotion and organisation of sports and games Promotion of ethics through sport and games The ‘cult’ of athleticism (meaning, nature and impact) The spread and export of games and the games ethics

Answer 11

WHAT did they have? Time - boarders had time to play regularly Money - fee paying, afford specialist facilities, equipment, clothing and coaches e.g. cricket coaches Space - to build facilities (rural) e.g. pitches WHO did they have? Headmasters such as Dr Thomas Arnold House captains and ex public school boys as game masters HOW did they organise? Promoted sport via inter-house and inter-school fixtures, increasing competition (leagues) Structured games and written/codified rules Could travel to inter-school fixtures

Answer 12

Ethics - ‘principles or rules that govern behaviour’ Headmasters encouraged sports due to the belief that they would build character and I still values such as : Leadership - house captain giving a team talk and a role model for the younger boys in football Courage - making a tackle against an older boy in rugby Sportsmanship - helping a player that is down on the floor Endeavour - trying hard to score a goal until the very last minute Teamwork - working together to make a tackle in football or batting with a partner in cricket Respect - accepting decisions of the referee

Answer 13

Cult - referred to the obsession/growing craze of playing sport Athleticism - developing physical endeavour and moral integrity through sport Impact of Athleticism Encouraged effort over winning Encouraged the development of codified sport Encouraged to play with fair play and sportsmanship Impact of Cult Large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools to develop it Developed leagues (e.g. house system created) Ex-schoolboys spread the cult (through old boys network)

Answer 14

Many ex-public schoolboys set up National Governing Bodies (NGBs) that oversee many UK sports today such as the FA and RFU Spread sport within Britain and abroad via TOP VIC Developed leagues and competitions

Answer 15

T : Teachers - Promoting the importance of sport and teaching others their sport/games O : Army Officers - Spreads sports internationally and increasing the morale and fitness of their soldiers (football/cricket/ abroad to British Empire) P : Parents - Influence their children by sending them to the same schools V : Vicars/Priests - Joined the church, forming parish teams. Joined missionaries travelling internationally I : Industrialists - Factory owners, keen to start sports teams at work C : Community Leaders/Politicians - Establishing local sports clubs and government roles (PE)

Answer 16

Each boy had a version of a particular sport The boys put their ideas together in a ‘melting pot’ and standardised the rules to games so all boys played the same written rules This developed the sport and the nature of games, making them less violent in most cases.

Answer 17

Class divisions became more vague Still a three class society, which dictated activities Movement between social classes Upper-class = hunting, rowing, shooting Middle-class = rugby union, golf Lower-class = association football, rugby league, boxing

Answer 18

Law and order now present in sport (Less cruel/violent activities, more respectable activities) Codified/written codes of conducts (fixed numbers, boundaries, time limits etc) An increase in doping in sport More respectable activities Boxing gloves Codes of conduct in football and rugby By 1970s/80s big rise in hooliganism (lower class = football) Purpose-built new stadia for greater capacities and more comfortable for spectators

Answer 19

Butler act (1944) all schools curricula , included PE and sport = specialist PE teachers, playing fields, gymnastic apparatus Education reform act (1988) PE part of national curriculum Upper-class and middle-class still at public schools (take part in sport and competitions), lower class in comprehensive schools 1944 - increases working-class participation in an educational setting 1988 - working classes were now more literate, so could access information/adverts in printed media about sport, increasing participation and spectators

Answer 20

1. Male dominated society for participation and spectating 2. 1900-1950 females did not have time 3. Less opportunities due to less media coverage and fewer events at Olympics 4. Sex discrimination act (1975) 1. Victorian stereotypes continued for sport, women seen as weaker sex, ladylike, competitive sport, was harmful to childbearing 3. Gymnastics, tennis, athletics, etc Women couldn’t compete in full marathon until 1984 Los Angeles Olympics 2. Women didn’t have time to sport because of war (busy working/housewives) 4. Not allowed to discriminate against women

Answer 21

Still massively effects, participation and spectating Lower class = long working hours, earn more money (still nothing compared to Upper/middle class), play/spectate professional sport Upper-class/middle-class = more income, involved in amateur sports and ideals Lower class = local authority gyms, municipal facilities, and parks Upper-class = private health clubs, skiing

Answer 22

Gradual increase in leisure time for all sectors as century progresses = more time to participate and spectate Saturday afternoons common time to participate (around 3 pm) Lower class = still less time than upper-class/middle-class Lower class = association football, darts, snooker (pub was central focus for working-class) Upper-class = hunting, golf (take a lot of time as have time to spare)

Answer 23

Increase in public transport including rail transport, buses, also car ownership (not very widespread) Aeroplanes became comment towards the end of the century Lower class = travel to football fixtures/local authority gyms Upper-class = fly to ski trips (cheap flights)

Answer 24

Class had less of an influence on being an amateur or professional Clubs encouraged spectators to attend (increase revenue) Sport was more commercialised = increased spectator levels A: amateur sport still played by middle-class (rugby union, cricket) however, in 1995 rugby became professional P: professional sports still played by lower class (still paid to play) Association football and cricket (professionalism raised standards/made games more entertaining, meaning, an increase in crowds)

Answer 25

- More fluid than ever and linked to socioeconomic status. - Social mobility can be achieved. Through sport, there is the potential to seek fame and fortune through sport “Rags to Riches” e.g. Marcus Rashford or Serena Williams Young people from lower socio-economic backgrounds participate less than those from upper/middle class. WHY = finance, education, stereotyped sports, role models, elite players, stacking UC = hunting/polo MC = tennis/golf LC = association football/rugby league Sport England (lower socio economic groups, form one of target groups for support) School club links (NGBs plan to strengthen links between state schools and clubs) NGB strategies (formulating schemes to address this problem, like chance to shine for cricket)

Answer 26

Taking part as an amateur or professional has NO link to class! National Lottery funding has led to more full-time professionals in sport Upper/middle-class Olympics athletes still get payments like lower class athletes

Answer 27

Improved law and order – Police/NGBs/Government legislation. Fair – Organisations created to prevent the use of performance enhancing drugs e.g. World Anti Doping Association (WADA) Safe – ‘Duty of care’ to keep players and spectators safe/prevent negligence e.g. Rugby refs being sued for poor control of scrum Equal – Equality laws prevent discrimination in sport on basis of gender or race e.g. Golf club membership rules cannot discriminate based on gender Less Violent – Violence on the field can be dealt with by legal proceedings e.g. Duncan Ferguson on field assault/hooligans banned from stadium Court for Arbitration in Sport – Organisation created to deal with disputes in sports law e.g. Russian Olympic ban appeal, 2016

Answer 28

State schools: - PE – Compulsory part of National Curriculum (range of activities) - Teams/interschool fixtures - Extra curricular clubs (increased opportunities to participate) - Academic qualifications e.g.GCSE PE - School-club sports links - Knowledge on health benefit Private Schools: - More time to participate (wider range of activities) - Specialist coaches/facilities - More competitive fixtures (Saturday afternoons) - Sports scholarships Increases participation however can also have negative school experience which discourages participation

Answer 29

- More equality in the 21st Century and less gender discrimination. - National campaigns (societal role being challenged ‘this girl can’t - More female professionalism e.g. Football/cricket - More success in women’s elite sport e.g. England Euros Win - Increased media coverage e.g. Women’s Ashes Series & Super League Netball (role models = Nicola Adams, presenters/pundits = Gabby Logan & Alex Scott However, stereotypes sport is unfeminine still persists. Traditional mother/housewife prevent time. Less female media coverage/role models compared to males

Answer 30

- More disposable income available. - Minimum wage introduced. HOWEVER Economic recession 2008 & Coronavirus pandemic 2020 = people stop working or things increase in price = less disposable income More disposable income means people can participate/spectate, more sport, (especially the working class). E.g. Minimum wage introduced, so people could afford things like gym memberships. Economic recession and coronavirus lead to lack of disposable income to participate. Rich get richer and poor get poorer.

Answer 31

More time available due to 40 hour working weeks, flexible time, shifts and more annual leave. HOWEVER overtime can lead to a lack of time (money rich/time poor). If people have more time, they can spend it doing more sport.

Answer 32

1. Increase car ownership for working class (households have access to 1 or more cars). 1. Cheaper flights. 1. Sport is globalised. HOWEVER widespread availability of transport (2.) & increased rail fares (3.). 1. Travel to sports facilities/flexibility. Family ski trips/international sport. 2. Reduced activity as people use transport instead of walking. 3. May limit participation.

Answer 33

Men’s cricket had the highest levels of privately educated professional athletes at 43%. (PRIVATE SCHOOL : Zak Crawley, Dom Sibley, Joe Root, Ollie Pope, Joss Butler, Tom Curran, Stuart Broad) 108 competitors won medals for Team GB, 37 of whom were educated at UK Independent schools (37%).

Answer 34

Deviance in sports includes deliberate dangerous fouls with intent to harm, deliberate violence, drug abuse and any other forms of cheating. e.g. drug taking to improve performance - a cyclist involved in blood doping or cheating in football - an outfield player deliberately handling the ball. The law punishes deviant behaviour and there are serious consequences to discourage people from acting in a deviant way!

Answer 35

Globalisation is the process which involves sport as a worldwide business, including worldwide, media coverage, freedom of movement for players and spectators, and corporate brands (worldwide marketing), leading to greater exposure of people to sport

Answer 36

“Players travel abroad for training camps and tours” Players : National and international laws, now allow the free movement of people Travel : Improved and increased transport, so competitors and spectators can travel overseas regularly for fixtures Training camps : Teams can travel to training camps overseas (e.g. high altitude or warm weather training) Tours : Teams go on pre-season tours to raise their profile to new audiences (e.g. premier league clubs touring USA)

Answer 37

“The interdependence and influences of the three factors of sport, sponsorship and media, one aspect influences the other two and vice versa”. E.g. TV, social media, radio, newspaper

Answer 38

• Mid-twentieth century saw limited sport on television. • The Olympics and World Cup in the 1960s were the first to go live and sparked dramatic global interest. • Enormous sums of money were paid for the rights to televise sports e.g., Sky securing rights to televise football. • Players were the main beneficiaries with huge growth in wages and sponsorship opportunities. • Onset of celebrities/global superstars e.g., Cristiano Ronaldo attracting sponsorship deals.

Answer 39

• Increased club revenues and player wages. • Development of grassroots players and new facilities. • Improved standards of play. • More people able to watch sport. • Games become more exciting. • Increase in diverse role models = increase participation.

Answer 40

• Female sport still behind. • Minority sports still receive little coverage. • Discrepancies between clubs. • Increased cost of subscriptions = less role models. • Rules of events have been changed e.g., 20/20 cricket. • Greater control over scheduling by media companies (e.g. timings adapted to suit demands of TV).

Answer 41

P - Increased profile of sports (e.g.crickets profile increased due to Hundred). However, sports become reliant on the media. A - Adapted rules to increase entertainment (e.g.the Hundred in cricket). However, goes against tradition of sport, which can put some spectators off. P - Increased participation in sports (e.g.female football participation). E - Increased entertainment due to standard (e.g.the Hundred in cricket). However, can change the nature of a sport. R - Revenue increases for sport/player income (e.g. increased wages for players in the Hundred). However, increased pressure on performers/media control timings. S - Standard of play increases for sport S - Sponsorship opportunities increases (e.g.KP snacks for Hundred in cricket). However, sponsorship can be removed at any time.

Answer 42

• Smock races for peasant women at village fairs. • Pedestrianism – (often long distance) running or walking races. Lower and upper class took part with huge amounts of wagering.

Answer 43

• First modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens. • Gentleman amateurs represented the Amateur Athletics Club (AAC)/working class professionals represented Amateur Athletics Association (AAA).

Answer 44

• Olympic Games 1970s/80s had problems linked to political exploitation, amateurism professionalism and drugs/doping. • Amateurism remained the official code for athletics until the 1990s

Answer 45

• World Championships, Olympic and Paralympic Games the pinnacle. • Improved technology impact on WRs. • Huge sponsorships. • London 2012. • Usain Bolt achieved triple triple at Rio Olympics.

Answer 46

• Village games played by both classes in the same team. • Basic bat and ball game. • Widespread wagering.

Answer 47

• First tour of the West Indies in 1894/95. • Strict class divide with professionals and amateurs. • Gentleman amateurs always in the key, dominant and prestigious roles.

Answer 48

• 1963 – distinction between gentleman and players abolished. • Impact of improved technology. • Commercialisation of game at top level by last quarter. • Ashes rivalry dating back to 1882.

Answer 49

• England women won Cricket World Cup in 2009. • Scandals re match fixing and spot fixing, • Continued popularity of Ashes contest. • Twenty20 cricket first played in 2003. • Growth of the Hundred.

Answer 50

• Mob football played by lower class males to settle local or inter-village disputes. • Annual/festival games.

Answer 51

• The FA accepted professionalism when the Football League was founded in 1888. • Broken time payments made to working class. • Written rules established with FA. • Leagues, cups and competitions formed.

Answer 52

• England won World Cup in 1966. • Increase in hooliganism 1970s/80s. • FA Premier League established 1992. • Enormous salaries paid by end of century. • Hillsborough tragedy of April 1989: 96 died.

Answer 53

• Globalisation of football. • FIFA World Cup epitome of the global competition. • Goal line technology, VAR, analysts. • Massive salaries for biggest stars in Premier League. • England Women’s Euros win 2022.

Answer 54

• Real tennis was an exclusive upper class game. • Also called Royal tennis. • Skillful and sophisticated with complex rules.

Answer 55

• Lawn tennis invented by and for the middle class in 1874. • First Wimbledon championships was in 1877. • Amateur game played by middle/upper class. • Clubs established and park provision later.

Answer 56

• Towards end of century, astroturf courts, titanium racquets and indoor courts came in. • Before Open era (April 1968) only amateurs were allowed to compete in tournaments, with no prize money.

Answer 57

• Grand Slams, Davis and Federation Cups tours as biggest events. Also, Olympics. • Impact of Andy Murray’s successes – Wimbledon and Olympics. • Equal prize money for men and women in Grand Slam events.

Answer 58

Brain Pierre de Coubertin De Coubertin was an influential, wealthy young Frenchman who was an educator and historian. He had a vision to unite the world through sport. He was the founder of the first modern Olympic Games.

Answer 59

1. Ancient Olympic Games - These were held in Olympia, Greece from the eight century BC through to the fourth century AD. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the Ancient Olympic Games. 2. Cotswold Dover Games - Robert Dover founded the Dover games (Cotswold Olympics) in the early 1600s. Shin kicking was the most significant event. This provided inspiration to de Coubertin to create the modern Olympic Games. 3 Much Wenlock Olympian Games - William Penny Brookes founded these games in 1850. Brookes used the games to promote moral physical and intellectual improvement using sport as a vehicle. 4. Brookes invited De Coubertin to Much Wenlock, De Coubertin was inspired by these games. De Coubertin visited Rugby school who used sport as a vehicle for promoting courageous gentleman who would go into leading roles in society. Brookes & De Coubertin shared the same vision to reinvent the Ancient Olympics.

Answer 60

The Olympics still follows amateurism values which were present during post 1850 industrial Britain. Olympic athletes are not paid for competing. Amateurs were competing solely for the love of the sport.

Answer 61

1. Develop physical and moral qualities 2. Promote international goodwill and peace 3. Unite and bring people together through sport held every 4 years 4. Educate young people to improve international understanding

Answer 62

Friendship Respect Excellence Determination Inspiration Courage Equality

Answer 63

The international Olympic committee was formed in 1894 Paris. Supervises organisation of the games Makes decisions on future games and changes to format Supporting and supervising national Olympic committees Owns right to the Olympic flag, motto, anthem and the games itself

Answer 64

The British Olympic association Not funded or controlled by government and no political interests. The national Olympic committee for the UK (is part of the IOC) Dependent on commercial sponsorship/fundraising Responsible for UK’s participation in Olympic Games (provides support for team GB, selects athletes, responsible for drug testing)

Answer 65

Olympic Games are used as a tool to make a political point, due to their extensive global publicity.

Answer 66

Berlin 1936 Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 Munich massacre Moscow 1980 Los Angeles 1984

Answer 67

Where/When? Berlin 1936 What? Political propaganda, promoting the third Reich ideology Who/How? Hitler & the Nazi Party. German athletes trained full time, undermining the amateur ideal. Why? Viewed Germany as a ‘superior’ empire. Hitler refused to shake hands or place gold medals around the neck of black American athlete Jesse Owens. Lutz Lang - German superstar long jumper and ‘poster boy’ of the Olympics (Aryan = blonde hair & blue eyes) Jesse Owens - African-American athlete and therefore inferior under Nazi ideology. Jesse won 4 gold medals in the 100m, 200m, long jump and 4x100m relay. He broke 11 Olympic records and beat Lutz in the long jump final.

Answer 68

Where/When? Mexico City 1968 What? Black power demonstration Who/How? Tommie Smith & John Carlos. Used the medal ceremony to wear a black glove and raise fist in the air - a gesture called the black power salute. Why? To flight the lack of civil rights in the USA. Peter Norman (Australian athlete) who was 2nd wore a human rights badge/suggested to wear black gloves to others. South Africa’s invitation to the Games was withdrawn because of other countries threatening to boycott the games due to its apartheid regime. (Apartheid = A range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation. Under apartheid, non-white South Africans were forced to live in separate areas from white South Africans and use of superset public facilities and contact between the two groups was limited by law)

Answer 69

Where/When? Munich 1972 Munich massacre What? Terrorist attack Who/How? Palestinian terrorists. A day before the games began, they entered the Olympic villages & seized 11 Israeli athletes. German authorities attempted a rescue, but all hostages were murdered. Why? Political request to release 234 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel.

Answer 70

Where/When? Moscow 1980 What? Political protest/ boycott Who/How? Led by USA Refused to attend the Moscow Olympics along with 65 eligible nations who refrained from participating in the games Why? In protest of the Soviet Union who invaded Afghanistan in 1979 Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - Composed of 15 constituent soviet socialist republics a few of which including Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

Answer 71

Where/When? Los Angeles 1984 What? Political protest/ boycott Who/How? Led by Soviet Union. Refused to attend the LA Olympics with a total of 14 nations who refused to take part. Why? In protest against the anti Soviet Union propaganda by the USA. Soviet Union blamed the commercialisation of the Games and lack of security measures (retaliation, tit for tat).

Answer 72

Increases profile of sports involved which may lead to increased participation/performance. Event can focus on minority sport which may increase participation (e.g. wheelchair rugby/boccia). Increases organisation of sport (e.g. NGBs and sport science). Increased funding for sports (e.g. commercial sponsorships). New or upgraded facilities (e.g. velodrome/Olympic stadium).

Answer 73

Non-Olympic minority sports reduce profile further (e.g. squash/ netball not an Olympic sport). Funding diverted to Olympic sports. Increased chance of deviance and then likely to be highlighted in media (e.g. Tokyo 2020 Russia banned for institutionalised doping). Redundant facilities are not used properly after the event (e.g. Beijing 2008 facilities lie abandoned).

Answer 74

More money brought into city or country which can benefit local economy. Events can give pride to host national or city and help with ‘nation building’ (e.g. Super Saturday at London 2012). Improved use of sporting facilities by local community (e.g. London Aquatics centre now open to the public). Improved transport systems. Accommodation and other facilities built for event can be used by the community (e.g. London 2012 Olympic Village used for housing).

Answer 75

Some areas of the country may not get the same benefits as the host city (e.g. London 2012 most facilities built on Olympic Park). Some areas of the country don’t benefit from improvements to infrastructure and transport (e.g. benefits to Burton after London 2012?). Local people may have to vacate land being used for sporting venues (e.g. be re-housed).

Answer 76

Increased income leads to positive economic impact (e.g. money bought in from spectators and participants). More jobs created through building of facilities, transport, infrastructure and support jobs. Increased tourism, increases money into local economy (e.g. money spent on merchandise/in shops). Showcase the country/shop window effect (e.g. increased global trading opportunities).

Answer 77

Bidding for events can be expensive (e.g. failed 2018 FIFA World Cup bid cost £21 million). Hosting events can cause an economic loss (debt), (e.g. 1976 Montreal Olympics took 30 years to pay off). Employment opportunities are temporary (e.g. are London 2012 jobs still present now). If events or participants are linked with failure it can lead to loss of revenue in merchandising sales (e.g. Rugby World Cup 2015 England were first host nation to be knocked up out in group stages).

Answer 78

Political parties and their leaders can gain credit for a successful bid. An event can bring unity and a sense of purpose to a country. ‘Shop window’ effect for a country or cities culture or political system. If event is successful, it may attract more investment and trade.

Answer 79

If cost of event is too high/over budget, can impact loss of votes and decrease government economic resources, If something goes wrong, politicians have to take responsibility (e.g. Munich 1972). If host nation do poorly, can reflect badly on political party and may reduce national self-esteem. Lack of legacy may make government unpopular. Protests by athletes or spectators might undermine event/embarrass government (e.g. Black Power, Mexico City 1968).