Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards
Define ethics
Ethics = The rules of behaviour that dictate an individual’s conduct (e.g. playing by the rules and in spirit of the game).
Define deviance
Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.
Define legal supplements and examples
Legal Supplements: Freely availed for sports performers and coaches (e.g. creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate/nitrates, sports drinks/gels, vitamins/minerals)
+/- of legal supplements
+ No punishments
+ Can improve performance (increased endurance, help rehydrate, speed up muscle growth and aid recovery)
+ Safer than performance enhancing drugs
- Can be side effects (e.g. energy drinks = tooth decay)
- Less effective than performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)
- Some legal supplements have been found to have banned substances in them (need to look for approval on packaging by sports)
Define illegal supplements and examples
Illegal Supplements: Both blood doping and the illegal consumption of PEDs have been a feature in many sports and are an example of deviance (e.g. blood doping, anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, human growth hormone)
Blood doping in depth & the process
A process that increases a persons red blood cell count. More RBCs = higher volume of haemoglobin. Extra oxygen can be transported to working muscles. Therefore allowing higher levels of performance.
1. Involves the removal of approximately 2 pints of blood
2. Blood is then frozen and stored for later use
3. Blood is re-injected into the athlete, prior to competition
Used by endurance athletes, for example runners or cyclists
Define anabolic steroids, beta blockers and stimulants
Anabolic Steroids = Enable athletes to train harder for longer, and often increase strength and aggression.
Beta Blockers = Help control heart rate and keep the athlete calm
Stimulants = Increase alertness for sports performance (e.g. amphetamines)
Social reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:
Win at all costs, pressure from coaches, ‘everyone else is doing it’, political pressure (e.g. Russian doping scandal)
Physiological reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:
Increase performance (e.g. increase strength via anabolic steroids
Personal reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:
High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sponsorship deals
Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on sport
Law or ethics of sport broken (e.g. cycling), False/meaningless results and records (e.g. Lance Armstrong), Sports become ‘tainted’/interest in sport lowered, Loss of sponsorship (e.g. cycling losing deals with Oakley), Loss of participation and spectators
Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on performer
Banned/stripped of medals/loss of sponsorship (e.g. Lance Armstrong - Oakley, Nike, Trek), Severe danger to health and well-being (e.g. Lance Armstrong cancer could have contributed), Psychological damage
Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on society
Promotes ‘win at all costs society’ (e.g. society seen as corrupt and will do anything to be successful), Poor role modelling (e.g. young people encouraged to take PEDs)
Define WADA & UKAD
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent international agency involved in identifying, monitoring and eliminating the use of banned substances by athletes.
UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) implements and manages anti-doping policy in the UK.
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : WADA & why strategy hasn’t work
World Anti-Doping Agency (& UKAD) - Coordinate the fight against doping.
win at all cost attitude remains
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Life time bans & why strategy hasn’t worked
Lifetime Bans - To act as a deterrent.
court for Arbitration in sport overturns life bans (e.g. Dwayne Chambers)
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked
ADAMs Initiative - Testing in and out of competition, knowing athletes whereabouts 2 hours a day 24/7.
Athletes can miss 2 tests without punishment, State sponsored doping (e.g. Russia)
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (retrospective testing) & why strategy hasn’t worked
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked
Cheated athletes lose sponsorship, delayed medals
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (biological passport) & why strategy hasn’t worked
Biological Passport - To test for abnormalities (e.g. red blood cell count).
Undetectable drugs (e.g. THG in 1990s)
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : UKAD initiatives
UKAD Initiatives = 100% me, protect your sport, clean sport advisor, clean sport week.
Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Counter culture
Counter Culture (enhanced games) - Allow athletes doping to compete in a separate Olympics.
Define Violence
Violence - Physical force directed at harming another individual which might cause serious injury/death in extreme cases.
What are the 6 causes of player violence (& explain)
W : Win Ethic - Win at all costs
I : Importance - Local derby/final
N : Nature of the Sport - Rules of rugby encourage contact
N : NGBs - Too lenient with their punishments
E : Excitement/over arousal - Negative impact of PEDs = aggression
R : Referee - Poor decisions lead to frustration
4 Strategies to prevent player violence
Punishment - long term bans (red/yellow cards, sin bins)
Officials - better trained officials/more officials
Education - NGBs/clubs I still ethos of fair play/anger management classes
Technology - video playbacks to assist decisions
Define deviance, gamesmanship and sportsmanship
Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.
Gamesmanship = Bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
Sportsmanship = Following the rules of the game and playing legally and fairly with good ethics.
Define hooligans in relation to spectators violence
Violence in Sport - Spectators
Spectator violence has been strongly associated with ‘football hooliganism’ in Britain, as well as across the world.
Hooligans = Groups who go to sporting events with the sole reason to create violence.
What are the 5 causes of spectator violence
Alcohol/drugs
Overcrowding
Hooligans
Mass culture
Violence on pitch
Causes of spectator violence : alcohol/drugs
Alcohol or Drugs - loss of inhibitions or become braver
Causes of spectator violence : overcrowding
Overcrowding - poor policing or stewarding
Causes of spectator violence : hooligans
Hooligans - looking for a fight
• Organised violence or fights
• Limited alternative outlets for energy
• e.g., football hooligans use matches as an arena for serious assault
Causes of spectator violence : mass culture
Mass Culture - tribal nature of event
• Peer pressure
• Deindividuation or diminished responsibility within a large group
Causes of spectator violence : violence on pitch
Violence on Pitch - copying violent behaviour of players
Define deindividuation
Deindividuation = When you lose your sense of being an individual, which can cause violent behaviour.
Spectator violence : Heysel Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)
29th May 1985, European Cup Final
Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium
Liverpool hooligans crossed the fence into the neutral section of mainly Juventus supporters causing panic among fans. Many tried to escape charging fans. There was a crush causing a wall to collapse with people underneath.
39 people died, 600 injured, 14 Liverpool fans convicted of manslaughter.
English clubs were banned from playing in Europe for 5 years. Liverpool was banned for 11 years.
Spectator violence : Hillsborough Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)
15th April 1980, FA Cup Semi-Final
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield Wednesday
An exit gate was opened in an attempt to ease crowding but resulting in overcrowding of those pens and the fatal crush.
97 people died, 766 injured.
Led to safety improvements in English grounds, with the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all seater stadiums.
Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: Stricter deterrents or punishments
Stricter deterrents or punishments - e.g., removal of season tickets or passport
Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: control of or ban alcohol
Control of or ban alcohol
• Searches at gates
• Early kick off times (pubs not open as long)/later opening time (not directly after
game)
• Low alcohol beer at stadiums
Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: improve spectator facilities
Improve spectator facilities - ‘all seater’ stadia
Strategies to Prevent Spectator : separation of fans
Separation of fans - home and away fans leave ground separately
Strategies to Prevent Spectator : CCTV or other security measures
CCTV or other security measures - to sport or record/incidents/record events for potential evidence
Strategies to Prevent Spectator : more police/stewards/security
More police/stewards/security
• Better training/better relationships with spectators
• Sharing of information between police forces in the country or between countries
Strategies to Prevent Spectator : family entertainment
‘Family entertainment’ - e.g., mascots/competitions/festivals/fun days
• Family section in stadia
• Provision of entertainment for children
Strategies to Prevent Spectator : responsible media coverage
Responsible media coverage - makes sure to not promote hooliganism outlook
Implications of violence : on society
On Society
Costs of security and policing at sporting events
Parents avoid letting children take part
Violence in sport reflects society (e.g. England portrayed as a nation of national thugs)
Law-abiding fans negatively impacted
Implications of violence : on sport
On Sport
A sport can get a bad reputation
Negative role modelling (e.g. Luis Suarez biting incident)
Participation of young people may reduce in violent sports
Implications of violence : on performer
On Performer
Results in fines and bans for athletes who act violently
Athletes can be injured by acts of violence
Decreases their reputation (e.g. Zinedine Zidane head butt)
Can lose sponsorship deals due to acting violently
Gambling : misconceptions about just gambling and what is seen as deviant
Gambling is not an example of deviant behaviour, it is legal in the uk.
Sport lends itself to gambling because the results/outcomes of the events are supposedly unpredictable.
However illegal sports betting, match fixing and bribery are all deviant behaviour.
Gambling : 4 key types in sport
Match fixing
Bribery
Illegal sport betting
Sport fixing
Gambling : match fixing and examples
When a sport competition is played to a result that is completely or partially predetermined results.
For example, Juventus 2006 Calciopoli scandal - fixing referee
Appointments.
For example, Stephen Lee, snooker got a 12 year ban
For example, Karin Hossam, tennis got a ban for life
Gambling : bribery and examples
Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage.
For example, South African cricketer Hansie Cronje accepting money from illegal
bookies to underperform.
Gambling : illegal sports betting and examples
Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarked ‘bookie’ or placing a bet that breaks the laws of the sport.
For example, Ivan Toney bet on himself and his team which resulted in a ban (200+ charges, banned for 8 months)
Gambling : spot fixing and examples
Is an example of illegal sports betting and involves betting on something occurring in a sports competition that has been predetermined.
For example, members of the Pakistan cricket team bowled deliberate no balls which were communicated with gamblers who were betting on specific events during the game.
Gambling : 6 reasons why gambling has become a major problem in sport
Sports players/performers - Such as Ivan Toney develop gambling problems or become involved with illegal betting practices.
Increased likelihood of illegal betting practices - Such as match fixing, bribery, corruption.
Increased volume of sponsorship/betting advertisements in the media
Society - Public can develop addictive habits and lead to debt.
Sports - Such as football having gambling sponsors leading to negative role modelling.
Online - Easy access to online betting so rise in illegal betting.
Gambling : Strategies to Prevent Illegal Gambling in Sport
Laws/rules - To prevent players betting on their own sport (e.g. FA making players aware what they aren’t allowed to bet on)
Punishments - Long bans for players (e.g. Ivan Toney 8 months)
Define commercialisation
The management of sport for profit.
Factors leading to commercialisation
Growing public interest and spectatorship
More media interest
Professionalism
Advertising
Sponsorship
Globalisation
Factors leading to commercialisation : Growing public interest and spectatorship
Increased public interest in sport. The rise in spectatorship means money is attracted to sports.
Factors leading to commercialisation : More media interest
Higher levels of media interest generated by high profile
sports which attract greater levels of sponsorship. Certain
sports have adapted rules/formats (cricket, such as T20).
Factors leading to commercialisation : Professionalism
Sporting professionals/better players attract greater levels of sponsorship.
Factors leading to commercialisation : Advertising
Sports present opportunities for extensive advertising and merchandising deals to capture a global audience.
Factors leading to commercialisation : Sponsorship
Sport is an avenue for many companies to promote their products through sponsorship.
Factors leading to commercialisation : Globalisation
Sport is global and international exposure attracts sponsors.
Commercialisation linking to golden triangle
Golden Triangle - Shows the relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and the media. Represents the commercial nature of sport.
Leads to commercialisation.
Positive effects of commercialism on society
Sponsorship allows equal opportunity to compete
Sporting success can lead to ‘feel good factor’ and nation building (e.g. success at the Olympics)
Negative effects of commercialism on society
Attracting sponsorship can depend on several factors. Some people are more ‘marketable’ than others
Leads to ‘win at all costs’ ethic and the over focus on elite sport can be unpopular
Positive effects of commercialism on individual sports
Increased media coverage + Increased sponsorship + Increased profile of sport = Increased revenue
This leads to improved facilities, professional sport, develop grassroots
Negative effects of commercialism on individual sports
Less popular sports attract less sponsorship (female/disability sport)
The sport loses control to media companies
Traditional values of sport are lost with new rule changes or changes to the sports format
Positive effects of commercialism on performers
Sponsors provided kit/equipment to promote their products (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson sponsored by Nike)
Commercial organisations can fund travel/accommodation (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson trains and stays in South Africa for training camps)
More time training/competing, rather than having to go to work
Negative effects of commercialism on performers
Pressure to win or perform well to secure and keep sponsorship deals (e.g. Lance Armstrong)
Exploitation, performers find they have little control over their career
Pressure to win can lead to deviant behaviour (e.g. Lance Armstrong)
Positive effects of commercialism on spectators
Increased performance standards provided higher levels of excitement
Giant screens and play back technology provide more information
Improved quality of facilities (e.g. Tottenham Hotspur Stadium)
Increased access to sports coverage 24/7
Negative effects of commercialism on spectators
Unethical sponsors (e.g. does alcohol/betting sponsors have a place in sport?)
Increase in advertising disrupting flow of play
Actual sporting action can take second place to advertising
Increase in the cost of watching sport, for tickets or to buy subscriptions
What are the 6 different forms of media and the sub groups of 3
Social Media
Internet
Cinema
Written press (newspaper, magazine)
Television (terrestrial = free to air) (satellite = subscription) (pay per view)
Radio (local/national stations, dedicated sports stations)
Media coverage today vs 1980s
Media Coverage Today
• Coverage of sport is extensive and different types of media make it accessible to many people.
• Media coverage is linked to the globalisation of sport in the 21st Century.
• More sports are accessible with minority sports being represented.
Media in the 1980s
Media coverage in the 1980s was significantly different from coverage today:
• Sports presenters were predominantly male dominated with little attention paid to female sport.
• Football hooliganism was rife, and the media was dominated by reports of negative behaviour.
• Global events were limited to the Olympics and World Cup competitions.
How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : Satellite TV (subscriptions)
Satellite TV (subscription)
e.g., Sky Sports/TNT Sports
Changes
24/7 access to sports. Increased number of female sport on TV. Increased female sports presenters
How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : pay per view tv
Pay per view TV
e.g., Sky Sports Boxing
Changes
Increased demand for big fights and sporting fixtures.
How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : internet
Internet
e.g., YouTube/Smart TVs/Sky Go app
Change
On demand/catch up/live pause. Watch on the go on phones. Watch some live sports/highlights for free.
How has media developed & compare tv coverage of sport
On docs in media
Link of media to the golden triangle (Arsenal example)
The Golden Triangle - ‘The relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and media’
The sponsor gains exposure for product or service
The sport increases revenue/profile
The media gains revenue from advertising and viewed subscriptions
The Golden Triangle in Action - Arsenal
Arsenal / Sky Sports / Emirates
• Club/Sponsor relationship - Emirates pay £50 million to be the front of shirt sponsor/naming rights to stadium.
• Sponsor/Media relationship - Emirates gains exposure to a global fanbase with
their name seen through different types of media.
• Club/Media relationship - Arsenal benefit from their share of TV rights paid by Sky. Sky increases its numbers of subscribers as viewers cannot view live on free to air TV.
Positive effects of media on individual sports
Increased profile of the sport, (e.g. cricket profile increased due to The Hundred).
Increased sponsorship, (e.g. KP Snacks for The Hundred).
Increased participation in the sport.
Increased income for the sport and player income increases.
Standard of play increases for sport.
Negative effects of media on individual sports
Sports can become reliant on the media.
Goes against the tradition of sport which can put some spectators off.
Can change the nature of the sport to attract the media.
Increased pressure on performers to be successful to maintain media interest.
Media can control timings.
Positive effects of media on performers
Increased profile of performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo most followed person on instagram with 644 mil).
Increased revenue/income for performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s net worth $800 million).
Increased sponsorship opportunities, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s Nike sponsorship).
Negative effects of media on performers
Media intrusion into personal life, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo accused of rape).
Exploited by sponsors taking up training time.
Positive effects of media on spectators
24/7 access to sport via subscriptions, (e.g. Sky Sports/TNT Sport).
Adapted rules, (e.g. Hundred in cricket, increases entertainment for spectators).
Standard of play increases (due to the increase in revenue), (e.g. Hundred in cricket).
Negative effects of media on spectators
TV subscriptions price increase.
Subscriptions increase so much spectators can no longer afford to watch, (e.g. o watch all Premier League games on TV works out between £80-£90 a month).
Disrupted coverage due to increased advertising and technology.
Goes against tradition of sport, (e.g. the Hundred goes against test cricket).
Routes to sporting excellence : role of uk sport
UK Sport - The identification of potential elite athletes has been formalised and organised by UK sport. UK Sport is an organisation whose aim is the development of the UK’s sportsmen and sportswomen. It is funded jointly by the government and the National Lottery.
Development routes from talent identification through to elite performance: UK Sport - Talent Identification (explain the 4 stages)
Phase 1:
The athlete is assessed in a range of skill based and physical tests
An in depth analysis of the athlete’s competition and training history takes place
I
V
Phase 2-3:
Further assessment of suitability
Preparation of training and development
Physical/medical screening/testing
Psychological assessment
I
V
Phase 4 (confirmation phase):
6-12 month trial in the specific sport’s elite training environment
Continuous assessment to assure suitability. Non-successful
athletes are given opportunity to compete via club system.
I
V
Progress to elite programme OR return to club level
Routes to sporting excellence : UK sport talent identification : explain pathway health check & examples of programmes
Pathway health check - Every 4 years a check on performance and fitness levels takes place, a benchmarking process to see whether performer is on track,
National Campaigns / Examples of talent identification programmes:
Tall and Talented (rowing/basketball)
Discover Your Power (cycling/canoeing/skeleton)
Find Your Greatness (range of disciplines)
Routes to sporting excellence : explain world class programmes and the 2 routes
The Olympic WCP is UK Sport’s National Lottery funded initiative to identify, develop and support talented athletes towards medal success at the Olympic Games and other global major Championships.
The programme operates at two distinct levels:
Podium - Supporting athletes with realistic medal winning capabilities (max 4 years from Olympics).
Podium Potential - Supporting athletes whose performance suggests they have a realistic medal winning capabilities at subsequent Olympics (max 8 years from Olympics).
Routes to sporting excellence : explain APA
Athlete Performance Award (APA)
• Funded by National Lottery, is paid directly to the athletes to cover living and sporting costs.
• Designed to enable athletes to fully engage in a sport’s high-performance programme and meet the demands associated with progression towards the Olympic and Paralympic podium.
• UK sport income up to £65,000 per year.
Explain the role of uk sport in developing sporting excellence (use acronym)
Organisation that develops ELITE sports performers in the UK
Elite coaches- educates and develops coaches e.g., athletes have access to
top coaches
National Lottery- funding via world class programme e.g., athletes on the
podium
National Institutes - provides funding e.g., provides sports science support at
English Institutes of Sport
Attracts international top-level competitions to the UK e.g., London 2012
Olympics
Talent Identification- implements Talent ID schemes e.g., Girls4Gold and
might not have any experience in the sport they are selected for
Funding : Distributes funding to NGBs e.g., NGB able to provide facilities and support
to athlete’s training and achievement
Funds every NGB nominated athlete e.g., Athlete Performance Award
Routes to sporting excellence : explain national institute of sport
Each country in the UK has a national sports institute:
• Through funding from UK Sport, the UK sports institute (UKSI) work with coaches and sports administrators to help improve the performance of their athletes.
• The UKSI provides athletes and coaches with access to high quality facilities.
Explain the role of national institutes in developing sporting excellence (use acronym)
UK’s nationwide network of expertise and facilities – ‘team behind the team’
World class facilities
e.g., University of Bath skeleton and bobsleigh track
Talent Identification
e.g., Girls 4 Gold
Education/Research
e.g., research into enhancing performance, aerodynamic research
Player Lifestyle Advice (PLA)
e.g., physiotherapy, planned rehab, injury treatment and prevention
Medical support
e.g., physiotherapy, planned rehab, injury treatment and prevention
Sports science support
e.g., nutrition, biomechanics, physiology and psychology
Routes to sporting excellence : quick explanation of uk sport and national institutes of sport
UK Sport = Sports agency investing in Olympic/Paralympic sport.
National Institutes of Sport = Provide support services (medicine/technology/WC science) to Olympic/Paralympic sport.
Roles of school in contributing to elite sporting success
Compulsory PE lessons for all students
Introduces a range of sports to students
Helps students to develop fundamental, transferable motor skills
Provides links to clubs in local areas
Introduce young people to competition early
Increase participation (widen base of performance pyramid)
A Levels / GCSEs in PE prepare students for potential careers in sport
Roles of school in elite sport:
Comprehensive schools (a state funded secondary school; any pupil can attend).
Private schools (also known as independent school) charge fees to attend.
Grammar schools (state secondary schools that select their students by means of examinations taken by children at age 11).
Roles of clubs in contributing to elite sporting success
Gives competitive experience
Assists with talent identification / scouting
Provide specialist / elite / high quality coaching
Provide equipment and facilities
Offer financial concessions (e.g. help with match fees, free gym memberships)
May offer physiotherapy / medical support
Roles of universities in contributing to elite sporting success
Provide sports scholarships / bursaries
Provide specialist / world class facilities
Provide specialist / world class coaching
Provide high levels of competition
Provide sports science / medical support
Allow students to train and compete whilst studying
Host centres of sporting excellence / sports institutes
BUCS (British University & Colleges Sport) : The national body for delivering competitive higher education sport in the UK. Ambition is to deliver exceptional sporting experiences to inspire, develop and unite. In the 24-25 season, BUCS are delivering 55 sports across their events programme.
Routes to sporting excellence : Why do athletes drop out and what are strategies to address this
Why do athletes drop out?
Demand of the programme
Poor performance
Injury
Pressure from outside of the sport
Media pressure
Family commitments
Financial constraints
Strategies to address drop out/failures rate
Performance lifestyle programmes run by UK Sport attempts to help athletes cope with the pressures and demands of elite sport.
Evaluate athlete to identify potential stressors or difficulties
Advise on integration of sporting and personal life
Teach strategies for dealing with media
Arrange medical intervention (e.g. physiotherapy)
Suggest training adaptations
Give psychological support, teaching stress management techniques
Modern Technology : 7 ways modern technology affected elite sport
• Equipment/clothing - high tech, lighter, more efficient (e.g. football boots, bikes, bobsleigh suits, tennis rackets)
• Training aids - for enhanced training (e.g. hyperbaric/hypoxic chambers)
• Injury prevention/safety - better surgical/diagnostic equipment (e.g. shoe technology, gait analysis, F1 halo)
• Performance/activity monitoring - equipment to evaluate and improve (e.g. GPS, tracking vests/shirts, heart rate monitors
• Medical technology - for faster recovery (e.g. MRI, ultrasound, keyhole surgery
• Assessment of suitability - whether someone has potential to be an athlete (e.g. physiological screening, bone density/body fat %)
• Paralympic aids - designed to optimise performance (e.g. prosthetics, wheelchairs)
Modern Technology : 6 ways modern technology affected general participation
• Accessibility - allows more people to access certain activities/facilities (e.g. wheelchair lifts, swimming pool hoists)
• Inclusion - allows disabled people to participate more easily (e.g. running blades/adapted wheelchairs)
• Motivation - provides information to increase motivation/adherence (e.g. smart watches, aura ring, phones which log health and fitness data)
• Progress - makes learning skills more enjoyable or safer (e.g. low bounce balls, lighter bicycle frames, wind balls)
• Opportunity - allows more sports to be played in all weathers and after dark (e.g. floodlights, synthetic turf pitches)
• Mass production - good quality equipment is readily available and cheap (e.g. hikes, tennis rackets, skis)
Modern Technology : 2 ways modern technology has limited or reduced general participation
Cost - new technology can be expensive giving those with money greater advantage and access
Range of technological advances outside of physical activity and sports - can make people sedentary and less likely to take part on sport (e.g. smartphones, computers, games consoles)
Modern Technology : 3 ways modern technology affected fair outcomes
Video officiating - enables accurate decisions to be made, verdure poor decisions, reduces cheating through detection of foul play (e.g. football - VAR, tennis/cricket - Hawkeye, rugby - TMO)
Drug testing - prevents some athletes having unfair advantage through PEDs (e.g. more technologically advanced testing - biological passports)
Timing devices - ensure results is correct (e.g. advanced timing devices, moving/still photography)
Modern Technology : 3 ways modern technology has limited or reduced fair outcomes
Drug taking - performance enhancing drug technology cannot keep up with new drug development
Inequality - some athletes may not be able to afford technology (highest technology only accessible to those with more money/sponsorship deals)
Pressure on officials - increased anxiety to make correct decisions / decision can be overruled by video replay / punditry, action replays, tv exposure can highlight errors / difficult for referees to avoid overuse of technology and distrust the game / potential litigation as easier to find evidence of negligence
Modern Technology : 4 ways modern technology affected entertainment
Electronic punditry - creates interest and improves understanding (e.g. computer aided analysis, ball tracking, player tracking, Prozone)
Giant screens - ensures those attending live matches don’t miss anything (e.g. replays, VAR in action)
Multiple cameras - new camera angles/more cameras (e.g. stump camera in cricket, camera on referee in rugby, F1 cars onboard cameras)
Video officiating - can create suspense (e.g. TMO)
Modern Technology : 2 ways modern technology has limited or reduced entertainment/participation
Delay - slows sport down and interrupts the action of the game
Reduces live attendances - spectators can get a better viewing experience from home
