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A Level PE > Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport > Flashcards

Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethics

A

Ethics = The rules of behaviour that dictate an individual’s conduct (e.g. playing by the rules and in spirit of the game).

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2
Q

Define deviance

A

Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.

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3
Q

Define legal supplements and examples

A

Legal Supplements: Freely availed for sports performers and coaches (e.g. creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate/nitrates, sports drinks/gels, vitamins/minerals)

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4
Q

+/- of legal supplements

A

+ No punishments
+ Can improve performance (increased endurance, help rehydrate, speed up muscle growth and aid recovery)
+ Safer than performance enhancing drugs
- Can be side effects (e.g. energy drinks = tooth decay)
- Less effective than performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)
- Some legal supplements have been found to have banned substances in them (need to look for approval on packaging by sports)

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5
Q

Define illegal supplements and examples

A

Illegal Supplements: Both blood doping and the illegal consumption of PEDs have been a feature in many sports and are an example of deviance (e.g. blood doping, anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, human growth hormone)

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6
Q

Blood doping in depth & the process

A

A process that increases a persons red blood cell count. More RBCs = higher volume of haemoglobin. Extra oxygen can be transported to working muscles. Therefore allowing higher levels of performance.
1. Involves the removal of approximately 2 pints of blood
2. Blood is then frozen and stored for later use
3. Blood is re-injected into the athlete, prior to competition
Used by endurance athletes, for example runners or cyclists

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7
Q

Define anabolic steroids, beta blockers and stimulants

A

Anabolic Steroids = Enable athletes to train harder for longer, and often increase strength and aggression.
Beta Blockers = Help control heart rate and keep the athlete calm
Stimulants = Increase alertness for sports performance (e.g. amphetamines)

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8
Q

Social reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

Win at all costs, pressure from coaches, ‘everyone else is doing it’, political pressure (e.g. Russian doping scandal)

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9
Q

Physiological reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

Increase performance (e.g. increase strength via anabolic steroids

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10
Q

Personal reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sponsorship deals

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11
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on sport

A

Law or ethics of sport broken (e.g. cycling), False/meaningless results and records (e.g. Lance Armstrong), Sports become ‘tainted’/interest in sport lowered, Loss of sponsorship (e.g. cycling losing deals with Oakley), Loss of participation and spectators

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12
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on performer

A

Banned/stripped of medals/loss of sponsorship (e.g. Lance Armstrong - Oakley, Nike, Trek), Severe danger to health and well-being (e.g. Lance Armstrong cancer could have contributed), Psychological damage

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13
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on society

A

Promotes ‘win at all costs society’ (e.g. society seen as corrupt and will do anything to be successful), Poor role modelling (e.g. young people encouraged to take PEDs)

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14
Q

Define WADA & UKAD

A

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent international agency involved in identifying, monitoring and eliminating the use of banned substances by athletes.

UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) implements and manages anti-doping policy in the UK.

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15
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : WADA & why strategy hasn’t work

A

World Anti-Doping Agency (& UKAD) - Coordinate the fight against doping.

win at all cost attitude remains

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16
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Life time bans & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Lifetime Bans - To act as a deterrent.

court for Arbitration in sport overturns life bans (e.g. Dwayne Chambers)

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17
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

ADAMs Initiative - Testing in and out of competition, knowing athletes whereabouts 2 hours a day 24/7.

Athletes can miss 2 tests without punishment, State sponsored doping (e.g. Russia)

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18
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (retrospective testing) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked

Cheated athletes lose sponsorship, delayed medals

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19
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (biological passport) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Biological Passport - To test for abnormalities (e.g. red blood cell count).

Undetectable drugs (e.g. THG in 1990s)

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20
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : UKAD initiatives

A

UKAD Initiatives = 100% me, protect your sport, clean sport advisor, clean sport week.

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21
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Counter culture

A

Counter Culture (enhanced games) - Allow athletes doping to compete in a separate Olympics.

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22
Q

Define Violence

A

Violence - Physical force directed at harming another individual which might cause serious injury/death in extreme cases.

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23
Q

What are the 6 causes of player violence (& explain)

A

W : Win Ethic - Win at all costs
I : Importance - Local derby/final
N : Nature of the Sport - Rules of rugby encourage contact
N : NGBs - Too lenient with their punishments
E : Excitement/over arousal - Negative impact of PEDs = aggression
R : Referee - Poor decisions lead to frustration

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24
Q

4 Strategies to prevent player violence

A

Punishment - long term bans (red/yellow cards, sin bins)
Officials - better trained officials/more officials
Education - NGBs/clubs I still ethos of fair play/anger management classes
Technology - video playbacks to assist decisions

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25
Q

Define deviance, gamesmanship and sportsmanship

A

Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.
Gamesmanship = Bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
Sportsmanship = Following the rules of the game and playing legally and fairly with good ethics.

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26
Q

Define hooligans in relation to spectators violence

A

Violence in Sport - Spectators
Spectator violence has been strongly associated with ‘football hooliganism’ in Britain, as well as across the world.
Hooligans = Groups who go to sporting events with the sole reason to create violence.

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27
Q

What are the 5 causes of spectator violence

A

Alcohol/drugs
Overcrowding
Hooligans
Mass culture
Violence on pitch

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28
Q

Causes of spectator violence : alcohol/drugs

A

Alcohol or Drugs - loss of inhibitions or become braver

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29
Q

Causes of spectator violence : overcrowding

A

Overcrowding - poor policing or stewarding

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30
Q

Causes of spectator violence : hooligans

A

Hooligans - looking for a fight
• Organised violence or fights
• Limited alternative outlets for energy
• e.g., football hooligans use matches as an arena for serious assault

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31
Q

Causes of spectator violence : mass culture

A

Mass Culture - tribal nature of event
• Peer pressure
• Deindividuation or diminished responsibility within a large group

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32
Q

Causes of spectator violence : violence on pitch

A

Violence on Pitch - copying violent behaviour of players

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33
Q

Define deindividuation

A

Deindividuation = When you lose your sense of being an individual, which can cause violent behaviour.

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34
Q

Spectator violence : Heysel Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)

A

29th May 1985, European Cup Final
Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium
Liverpool hooligans crossed the fence into the neutral section of mainly Juventus supporters causing panic among fans. Many tried to escape charging fans. There was a crush causing a wall to collapse with people underneath.
39 people died, 600 injured, 14 Liverpool fans convicted of manslaughter.
English clubs were banned from playing in Europe for 5 years. Liverpool was banned for 11 years.

35
Q

Spectator violence : Hillsborough Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)

A

15th April 1980, FA Cup Semi-Final
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield Wednesday
An exit gate was opened in an attempt to ease crowding but resulting in overcrowding of those pens and the fatal crush.
97 people died, 766 injured.
Led to safety improvements in English grounds, with the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all seater stadiums.

36
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: Stricter deterrents or punishments

A

Stricter deterrents or punishments - e.g., removal of season tickets or passport

37
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: control of or ban alcohol

A

Control of or ban alcohol
• Searches at gates
• Early kick off times (pubs not open as long)/later opening time (not directly after
game)
• Low alcohol beer at stadiums

38
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: improve spectator facilities

A

Improve spectator facilities - ‘all seater’ stadia

39
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : separation of fans

A

Separation of fans - home and away fans leave ground separately

40
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : CCTV or other security measures

A

CCTV or other security measures - to sport or record/incidents/record events for potential evidence

41
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : more police/stewards/security

A

More police/stewards/security
• Better training/better relationships with spectators
• Sharing of information between police forces in the country or between countries

42
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : family entertainment

A

‘Family entertainment’ - e.g., mascots/competitions/festivals/fun days
• Family section in stadia
• Provision of entertainment for children

43
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : responsible media coverage

A

Responsible media coverage - makes sure to not promote hooliganism outlook

44
Q

Implications of violence : on society

A

On Society
Costs of security and policing at sporting events
Parents avoid letting children take part
Violence in sport reflects society (e.g. England portrayed as a nation of national thugs)
Law-abiding fans negatively impacted

45
Q

Implications of violence : on sport

A

On Sport
A sport can get a bad reputation
Negative role modelling (e.g. Luis Suarez biting incident)
Participation of young people may reduce in violent sports

46
Q

Implications of violence : on performer

A

On Performer
Results in fines and bans for athletes who act violently
Athletes can be injured by acts of violence
Decreases their reputation (e.g. Zinedine Zidane head butt)
Can lose sponsorship deals due to acting violently

47
Q

Gambling : misconceptions about just gambling and what is seen as deviant

A

Gambling is not an example of deviant behaviour, it is legal in the uk.
Sport lends itself to gambling because the results/outcomes of the events are supposedly unpredictable.
However illegal sports betting, match fixing and bribery are all deviant behaviour.

48
Q

Gambling : 4 key types in sport

A

Match fixing
Bribery
Illegal sport betting
Sport fixing

49
Q

Gambling : match fixing and examples

A

When a sport competition is played to a result that is completely or partially predetermined results.
For example, Juventus 2006 Calciopoli scandal - fixing referee
Appointments.
For example, Stephen Lee, snooker got a 12 year ban
For example, Karin Hossam, tennis got a ban for life

50
Q

Gambling : bribery and examples

A

Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage.
For example, South African cricketer Hansie Cronje accepting money from illegal
bookies to underperform.

51
Q

Gambling : illegal sports betting and examples

A

Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarked ‘bookie’ or placing a bet that breaks the laws of the sport.
For example, Ivan Toney bet on himself and his team which resulted in a ban (200+ charges, banned for 8 months)

52
Q

Gambling : spot fixing and examples

A

Is an example of illegal sports betting and involves betting on something occurring in a sports competition that has been predetermined.
For example, members of the Pakistan cricket team bowled deliberate no balls which were communicated with gamblers who were betting on specific events during the game.

53
Q

Gambling : 6 reasons why gambling has become a major problem in sport

A

Sports players/performers - Such as Ivan Toney develop gambling problems or become involved with illegal betting practices.
Increased likelihood of illegal betting practices - Such as match fixing, bribery, corruption.
Increased volume of sponsorship/betting advertisements in the media
Society - Public can develop addictive habits and lead to debt.
Sports - Such as football having gambling sponsors leading to negative role modelling.
Online - Easy access to online betting so rise in illegal betting.

54
Q

Gambling : Strategies to Prevent Illegal Gambling in Sport

A

Laws/rules - To prevent players betting on their own sport (e.g. FA making players aware what they aren’t allowed to bet on)
Punishments - Long bans for players (e.g. Ivan Toney 8 months)

55
Q

Define commercialisation

A

The management of sport for profit.

56
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation

A

Growing public interest and spectatorship
More media interest
Professionalism
Advertising
Sponsorship
Globalisation

57
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Growing public interest and spectatorship

A

Increased public interest in sport. The rise in spectatorship means money is attracted to sports.

58
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : More media interest

A

Higher levels of media interest generated by high profile
sports which attract greater levels of sponsorship. Certain
sports have adapted rules/formats (cricket, such as T20).

59
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Professionalism

A

Sporting professionals/better players attract greater levels of sponsorship.

60
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Advertising

A

Sports present opportunities for extensive advertising and merchandising deals to capture a global audience.

61
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Sponsorship

A

Sport is an avenue for many companies to promote their products through sponsorship.

62
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Globalisation

A

Sport is global and international exposure attracts sponsors.

63
Q

Commercialisation linking to golden triangle

A

Golden Triangle - Shows the relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and the media. Represents the commercial nature of sport.
Leads to commercialisation.

64
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on society

A

Sponsorship allows equal opportunity to compete
Sporting success can lead to ‘feel good factor’ and nation building (e.g. success at the Olympics)

65
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on society

A

Attracting sponsorship can depend on several factors. Some people are more ‘marketable’ than others
Leads to ‘win at all costs’ ethic and the over focus on elite sport can be unpopular

66
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on individual sports

A

Increased media coverage + Increased sponsorship + Increased profile of sport = Increased revenue
This leads to improved facilities, professional sport, develop grassroots

67
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on individual sports

A

Less popular sports attract less sponsorship (female/disability sport)
The sport loses control to media companies
Traditional values of sport are lost with new rule changes or changes to the sports format

68
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on performers

A

Sponsors provided kit/equipment to promote their products (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson sponsored by Nike)
Commercial organisations can fund travel/accommodation (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson trains and stays in South Africa for training camps)
More time training/competing, rather than having to go to work

69
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on performers

A

Pressure to win or perform well to secure and keep sponsorship deals (e.g. Lance Armstrong)
Exploitation, performers find they have little control over their career
Pressure to win can lead to deviant behaviour (e.g. Lance Armstrong)

70
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on spectators

A

Increased performance standards provided higher levels of excitement
Giant screens and play back technology provide more information
Improved quality of facilities (e.g. Tottenham Hotspur Stadium)
Increased access to sports coverage 24/7

71
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on spectators

A

Unethical sponsors (e.g. does alcohol/betting sponsors have a place in sport?)
Increase in advertising disrupting flow of play
Actual sporting action can take second place to advertising
Increase in the cost of watching sport, for tickets or to buy subscriptions

72
Q

What are the 6 different forms of media and the sub groups of 3

A

Social Media
Internet
Cinema
Written press (newspaper, magazine)
Television (terrestrial = free to air) (satellite = subscription) (pay per view)
Radio (local/national stations, dedicated sports stations)

73
Q

Media coverage today vs 1980s

A

Media Coverage Today
• Coverage of sport is extensive and different types of media make it accessible to many people.
• Media coverage is linked to the globalisation of sport in the 21st Century.
• More sports are accessible with minority sports being represented.
Media in the 1980s
Media coverage in the 1980s was significantly different from coverage today:
• Sports presenters were predominantly male dominated with little attention paid to female sport.
• Football hooliganism was rife, and the media was dominated by reports of negative behaviour.
• Global events were limited to the Olympics and World Cup competitions.

74
Q

How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : Satellite TV (subscriptions)

A

Satellite TV (subscription)
e.g., Sky Sports/TNT Sports

Changes
24/7 access to sports. Increased number of female sport on TV. Increased female sports presenters

75
Q

How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : pay per view tv

A

Pay per view TV
e.g., Sky Sports Boxing

Changes
Increased demand for big fights and sporting fixtures.

76
Q

How has the media developed since the 1980s (Examples and reason for change) : internet

A

Internet
e.g., YouTube/Smart TVs/Sky Go app

Change
On demand/catch up/live pause. Watch on the go on phones. Watch some live sports/highlights for free.

77
Q

How has media developed & compare tv coverage of sport

A

On docs in media

78
Q

Link of media to the golden triangle (Arsenal example)

A

The Golden Triangle - ‘The relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and media’
The sponsor gains exposure for product or service
The sport increases revenue/profile
The media gains revenue from advertising and viewed subscriptions

The Golden Triangle in Action - Arsenal
Arsenal / Sky Sports / Emirates
• Club/Sponsor relationship - Emirates pay £50 million to be the front of shirt sponsor/naming rights to stadium.
• Sponsor/Media relationship - Emirates gains exposure to a global fanbase with
their name seen through different types of media.
• Club/Media relationship - Arsenal benefit from their share of TV rights paid by Sky. Sky increases its numbers of subscribers as viewers cannot view live on free to air TV.

79
Q

Positive effects of media on individual sports

A

Increased profile of the sport, (e.g. cricket profile increased due to The Hundred).
Increased sponsorship, (e.g. KP Snacks for The Hundred).
Increased participation in the sport.
Increased income for the sport and player income increases.
Standard of play increases for sport.

80
Q

Negative effects of media on individual sports

A

Sports can become reliant on the media.
Goes against the tradition of sport which can put some spectators off.
Can change the nature of the sport to attract the media.
Increased pressure on performers to be successful to maintain media interest.
Media can control timings.

81
Q

Positive effects of media on performers

A

Increased profile of performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo most followed person on instagram with 644 mil).
Increased revenue/income for performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s net worth $800 million).
Increased sponsorship opportunities, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s Nike sponsorship).

82
Q

Negative effects of media on performers

A

Media intrusion into personal life, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo accused of rape).
Exploited by sponsors taking up training time.

83
Q

Positive effects of media on spectators

A

24/7 access to sport via subscriptions, (e.g. Sky Sports/TNT Sport).
Adapted rules, (e.g. Hundred in cricket, increases entertainment for spectators).
Standard of play increases (due to the increase in revenue), (e.g. Hundred in cricket).

84
Q

Negative effects of media on spectators

A

TV subscriptions price increase.
Subscriptions increase so much spectators can no longer afford to watch, (e.g. o watch all Premier League games on TV works out between £80-£90 a month).
Disrupted coverage due to increased advertising and technology.
Goes against tradition of sport, (e.g. the Hundred goes against test cricket).

A Level PE (12 decks)

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