Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level PE > Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport > Flashcards

Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethics

A

Ethics = The rules of behaviour that dictate an individual’s conduct (e.g. playing by the rules and in spirit of the game).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define deviance

A

Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define legal supplements and examples

A

Legal Supplements: Freely availed for sports performers and coaches (e.g. creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate/nitrates, sports drinks/gels, vitamins/minerals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

+/- of legal supplements

A

+ No punishments
+ Can improve performance (increased endurance, help rehydrate, speed up muscle growth and aid recovery)
+ Safer than performance enhancing drugs
- Can be side effects (e.g. energy drinks = tooth decay)
- Less effective than performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)
- Some legal supplements have been found to have banned substances in them (need to look for approval on packaging by sports)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define illegal supplements and examples

A

Illegal Supplements: Both blood doping and the illegal consumption of PEDs have been a feature in many sports and are an example of deviance (e.g. blood doping, anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, human growth hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood doping in depth & the process

A

A process that increases a persons red blood cell count. More RBCs = higher volume of haemoglobin. Extra oxygen can be transported to working muscles. Therefore allowing higher levels of performance.
1. Involves the removal of approximately 2 pints of blood
2. Blood is then frozen and stored for later use
3. Blood is re-injected into the athlete, prior to competition
Used by endurance athletes, for example runners or cyclists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define anabolic steroids, beta blockers and stimulants

A

Anabolic Steroids = Enable athletes to train harder for longer, and often increase strength and aggression.
Beta Blockers = Help control heart rate and keep the athlete calm
Stimulants = Increase alertness for sports performance (e.g. amphetamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Social reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

Win at all costs, pressure from coaches, ‘everyone else is doing it’, political pressure (e.g. Russian doping scandal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physiological reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

Increase performance (e.g. increase strength via anabolic steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Personal reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs:

A

High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sponsorship deals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on sport

A

Law or ethics of sport broken (e.g. cycling), False/meaningless results and records (e.g. Lance Armstrong), Sports become ‘tainted’/interest in sport lowered, Loss of sponsorship (e.g. cycling losing deals with Oakley), Loss of participation and spectators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on performer

A

Banned/stripped of medals/loss of sponsorship (e.g. Lance Armstrong - Oakley, Nike, Trek), Severe danger to health and well-being (e.g. Lance Armstrong cancer could have contributed), Psychological damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Consequences/Implications of using Drugs and Doping in Sport on society

A

Promotes ‘win at all costs society’ (e.g. society seen as corrupt and will do anything to be successful), Poor role modelling (e.g. young people encouraged to take PEDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define WADA & UKAD

A

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent international agency involved in identifying, monitoring and eliminating the use of banned substances by athletes.

UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) implements and manages anti-doping policy in the UK.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : WADA & why strategy hasn’t work

A

World Anti-Doping Agency (& UKAD) - Coordinate the fight against doping.

win at all cost attitude remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Life time bans & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Lifetime Bans - To act as a deterrent.

court for Arbitration in sport overturns life bans (e.g. Dwayne Chambers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

ADAMs Initiative - Testing in and out of competition, knowing athletes whereabouts 2 hours a day 24/7.

Athletes can miss 2 tests without punishment, State sponsored doping (e.g. Russia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (retrospective testing) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (ADAMs initiative) & why strategy hasn’t worked

Cheated athletes lose sponsorship, delayed medals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : testing methods (biological passport) & why strategy hasn’t worked

A

Biological Passport - To test for abnormalities (e.g. red blood cell count).

Undetectable drugs (e.g. THG in 1990s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : UKAD initiatives

A

UKAD Initiatives = 100% me, protect your sport, clean sport advisor, clean sport week.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Strategies to prevent doping in sport : Counter culture

A

Counter Culture (enhanced games) - Allow athletes doping to compete in a separate Olympics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Violence

A

Violence - Physical force directed at harming another individual which might cause serious injury/death in extreme cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 6 causes of player violence (& explain)

A

W : Win Ethic - Win at all costs
I : Importance - Local derby/final
N : Nature of the Sport - Rules of rugby encourage contact
N : NGBs - Too lenient with their punishments
E : Excitement/over arousal - Negative impact of PEDs = aggression
R : Referee - Poor decisions lead to frustration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4 Strategies to prevent player violence

A

Punishment - long term bans (red/yellow cards, sin bins)
Officials - better trained officials/more officials
Education - NGBs/clubs I still ethos of fair play/anger management classes
Technology - video playbacks to assist decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define deviance, gamesmanship and sportsmanship

A

Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society.
Gamesmanship = Bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
Sportsmanship = Following the rules of the game and playing legally and fairly with good ethics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define hooligans in relation to spectators violence

A

Violence in Sport - Spectators
Spectator violence has been strongly associated with ‘football hooliganism’ in Britain, as well as across the world.
Hooligans = Groups who go to sporting events with the sole reason to create violence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 5 causes of spectator violence

A

Alcohol/drugs
Overcrowding
Hooligans
Mass culture
Violence on pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Causes of spectator violence : alcohol/drugs

A

Alcohol or Drugs - loss of inhibitions or become braver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Causes of spectator violence : overcrowding

A

Overcrowding - poor policing or stewarding

30
Q

Causes of spectator violence : hooligans

A

Hooligans - looking for a fight
• Organised violence or fights
• Limited alternative outlets for energy
• e.g., football hooligans use matches as an arena for serious assault

31
Q

Causes of spectator violence : mass culture

A

Mass Culture - tribal nature of event
• Peer pressure
• Deindividuation or diminished responsibility within a large group

32
Q

Causes of spectator violence : violence on pitch

A

Violence on Pitch - copying violent behaviour of players

33
Q

Define deindividuation

A

Deindividuation = When you lose your sense of being an individual, which can cause violent behaviour.

34
Q

Spectator violence : Heysel Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)

A

29th May 1985, European Cup Final
Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium
Liverpool hooligans crossed the fence into the neutral section of mainly Juventus supporters causing panic among fans. Many tried to escape charging fans. There was a crush causing a wall to collapse with people underneath.
39 people died, 600 injured, 14 Liverpool fans convicted of manslaughter.
English clubs were banned from playing in Europe for 5 years. Liverpool was banned for 11 years.

35
Q

Spectator violence : Hillsborough Disaster (when/where/what happened/consequences)

A

15th April 1980, FA Cup Semi-Final
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield Wednesday
An exit gate was opened in an attempt to ease crowding but resulting in overcrowding of those pens and the fatal crush.
97 people died, 766 injured.
Led to safety improvements in English grounds, with the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all seater stadiums.

36
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: Stricter deterrents or punishments

A

Stricter deterrents or punishments - e.g., removal of season tickets or passport

37
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: control of or ban alcohol

A

Control of or ban alcohol
• Searches at gates
• Early kick off times (pubs not open as long)/later opening time (not directly after
game)
• Low alcohol beer at stadiums

38
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator Violence: improve spectator facilities

A

Improve spectator facilities - ‘all seater’ stadia

39
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : separation of fans

A

Separation of fans - home and away fans leave ground separately

40
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : CCTV or other security measures

A

CCTV or other security measures - to sport or record/incidents/record events for potential evidence

41
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : more police/stewards/security

A

More police/stewards/security
• Better training/better relationships with spectators
• Sharing of information between police forces in the country or between countries

42
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : family entertainment

A

‘Family entertainment’ - e.g., mascots/competitions/festivals/fun days
• Family section in stadia
• Provision of entertainment for children

43
Q

Strategies to Prevent Spectator : responsible media coverage

A

Responsible media coverage - makes sure to not promote hooliganism outlook

44
Q

Implications of violence : on society

A

On Society
Costs of security and policing at sporting events
Parents avoid letting children take part
Violence in sport reflects society (e.g. England portrayed as a nation of national thugs)
Law-abiding fans negatively impacted

45
Q

Implications of violence : on sport

A

On Sport
A sport can get a bad reputation
Negative role modelling (e.g. Luis Suarez biting incident)
Participation of young people may reduce in violent sports

46
Q

Implications of violence : on performer

A

On Performer
Results in fines and bans for athletes who act violently
Athletes can be injured by acts of violence
Decreases their reputation (e.g. Zinedine Zidane head butt)
Can lose sponsorship deals due to acting violently

47
Q

Gambling : misconceptions about just gambling and what is seen as deviant

A

Gambling is not an example of deviant behaviour, it is legal in the uk.
Sport lends itself to gambling because the results/outcomes of the events are supposedly unpredictable.
However illegal sports betting, match fixing and bribery are all deviant behaviour.

48
Q

Gambling : 4 key types in sport

A

Match fixing
Bribery
Illegal sport betting
Sport fixing

49
Q

Gambling : match fixing and examples

A

When a sport competition is played to a result that is completely or partially predetermined results.
For example, Juventus 2006 Calciopoli scandal - fixing referee
Appointments.
For example, Stephen Lee, snooker got a 12 year ban
For example, Karin Hossam, tennis got a ban for life

50
Q

Gambling : bribery and examples

A

Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage.
For example, South African cricketer Hansie Cronje accepting money from illegal
bookies to underperform.

51
Q

Gambling : illegal sports betting and examples

A

Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarked ‘bookie’ or placing a bet that breaks the laws of the sport.
For example, Ivan Toney bet on himself and his team which resulted in a ban (200+ charges, banned for 8 months)

52
Q

Gambling : spot fixing and examples

A

Is an example of illegal sports betting and involves betting on something occurring in a sports competition that has been predetermined.
For example, members of the Pakistan cricket team bowled deliberate no balls which were communicated with gamblers who were betting on specific events during the game.

53
Q

Gambling : 6 reasons why gambling has become a major problem in sport

A

Sports players/performers - Such as Ivan Toney develop gambling problems or become involved with illegal betting practices.
Increased likelihood of illegal betting practices - Such as match fixing, bribery, corruption.
Increased volume of sponsorship/betting advertisements in the media
Society - Public can develop addictive habits and lead to debt.
Sports - Such as football having gambling sponsors leading to negative role modelling.
Online - Easy access to online betting so rise in illegal betting.

54
Q

Gambling : Strategies to Prevent Illegal Gambling in Sport

A

Laws/rules - To prevent players betting on their own sport (e.g. FA making players aware what they aren’t allowed to bet on)
Punishments - Long bans for players (e.g. Ivan Toney 8 months)

55
Q

Define commercialisation

A

The management of sport for profit.

56
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation

A

Growing public interest and spectatorship
More media interest
Professionalism
Advertising
Sponsorship
Globalisation

57
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Growing public interest and spectatorship

A

Increased public interest in sport. The rise in spectatorship means money is attracted to sports.

58
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : More media interest

A

Higher levels of media interest generated by high profile
sports which attract greater levels of sponsorship. Certain
sports have adapted rules/formats (cricket, such as T20).

59
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Professionalism

A

Sporting professionals/better players attract greater levels of sponsorship.

60
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Advertising

A

Sports present opportunities for extensive advertising and merchandising deals to capture a global audience.

61
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Sponsorship

A

Sport is an avenue for many companies to promote their products through sponsorship.

62
Q

Factors leading to commercialisation : Globalisation

A

Sport is global and international exposure attracts sponsors.

63
Q

Commercialisation linking to golden triangle

A

Golden Triangle - Shows the relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and the media. Represents the commercial nature of sport.
Leads to commercialisation.

64
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on society

A

Sponsorship allows equal opportunity to compete
Sporting success can lead to ‘feel good factor’ and nation building (e.g. success at the Olympics)

65
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on society

A

Attracting sponsorship can depend on several factors. Some people are more ‘marketable’ than others
Leads to ‘win at all costs’ ethic and the over focus on elite sport can be unpopular

66
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on individual sports

A

Increased media coverage + Increased sponsorship + Increased profile of sport = Increased revenue
This leads to improved facilities, professional sport, develop grassroots

67
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on individual sports

A

Less popular sports attract less sponsorship (female/disability sport)
The sport loses control to media companies
Traditional values of sport are lost with new rule changes or changes to the sports format

68
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on performers

A

Sponsors provided kit/equipment to promote their products (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson sponsored by Nike)
Commercial organisations can fund travel/accommodation (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson trains and stays in South Africa for training camps)
More time training/competing, rather than having to go to work

69
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on performers

A

Pressure to win or perform well to secure and keep sponsorship deals (e.g. Lance Armstrong)
Exploitation, performers find they have little control over their career
Pressure to win can lead to deviant behaviour (e.g. Lance Armstrong)

70
Q

Positive effects of commercialism on spectators

A

Increased performance standards provided higher levels of excitement
Giant screens and play back technology provide more information
Improved quality of facilities (e.g. Tottenham Hotspur Stadium)
Increased access to sports coverage 24/7

71
Q

Negative effects of commercialism on spectators

A

Unethical sponsors (e.g. does alcohol/betting sponsors have a place in sport?)
Increase in advertising disrupting flow of play
Actual sporting action can take second place to advertising
Increase in the cost of watching sport, for tickets or to buy subscriptions

A Level PE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions