Paper 1 - Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards
What does HR stand for?
Heart rate (beats per minute)
Average HR at rest (untrained = 70bpm), (trained = 50bpm)
What does SV stand for?
Stroke volume (volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per beat)
Average SV at rest (untrained = 50-70ml), (trained = 100ml)
What does Q stand for?
Cardiac output (volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute)
Average Q at rest (untrained & trained = 5L/min)
What is Venous return?
Deoxygenated blood returning from tissues/muscles/organs back to the heart
What does AV stand for?
Atrioventricular valve
What’s cardiac hypertrophy?
The heart gets bigger and stronger so can pump out more blood in one beat
Label the diagram of the heart
Bamboo paper
What is the average HR at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?
Untrained = 70 bpm, 100 bpm, 220 bpm - age
Trained = 50 bpm, 120 bpm, 220 bpm - age
Max HR = 220 - age
Resting HR lower than 60 bpm is called bradycardia (caused by cardiac hypertrophy)
What is the average SV at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?
Untrained = 70 ml, 100 ml, 100 ml but will decrease
Trained = 100 ml, 200 ml, 200 ml but will decrease
Starling’s Law (SV depends on VR, VR increase = SR increases)
What is the average Q at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?
Untrained = 5 L/min, 10 L/min, 20 L/min
Trained = 5 L/min, 24 L/min, 40 L/min
Athlete’s heart is efficient & due to hypertrophy, it pumps more blood per beat (SV)
So resting HR us lower than 60 bpm (bradycardia)
What age is mainly used when calculating maximal heart rate?
Age 20. 220-20 = 200
What is Starling’s Law of the heart?
Stroke volume depends on venous return
If venous return increases, then stroke volume increases
What is the anticipatory rise?
Heart rate slightly rises, due to the the relapse of adrenaline (fight or flight) which anticipates that you’re about to engage in an activity/exercise
What are characteristics of sub maximal exercise?
Aerobic, long duration, endurance below anaerobic threshold, low-moderate intensity
What are characteristics of maximal exercise?
Anaerobic, short duration, short bursts, at or above anaerobic threshold, high intensity
What is the difference of maximal exercise to submaximal?
No steady state reached (supply of oxygen never meets the demand from the muscle)
Recovery time takes longer for HR to return to its rest value due to higher intensity
Draw and explain how different intensities & recovery effects HR, SV and Q
On docs, cardiovascular systems, introduction to cardiovascular systems
What is blood pooling?
Blood collecting in the pocket valves of veins and occurs when there is insufficient venous pressure to promote venous return.
What are the 3 venous return mechanisms that happen both at rest & during exercise?
Gravity = The return of blood from the upper part of the body to the heart is aided by gravity
Smooth muscle = When venous pressure falls below normal, smooth muscle in the walls of the
veins contract (venoconstriction) and venous blood pressure increases
Pocket Valves = One-way valves within veins that prevent backflow of blood and direct it towards
the heart
What are the 2 venous return mechanisms that happen only during exercise?
MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISMS USED
Skeletal muscle pump = Veins are located between skeletal muscles and are squeezed by the
contraction and relaxation of these muscles. Veins contain one-way valves,
so the displaced blood always moves towards the heart
Respiratory pump = During inspiration and expiration, pressure changes in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities promote flow towards the heart by squeezing veins