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A Level PE > Paper 1 - Cardiovascular Systems > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does HR stand for?

A

Heart rate (beats per minute)
Average HR at rest (untrained = 70bpm), (trained = 50bpm)

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2
Q

What does SV stand for?

A

Stroke volume (volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per beat)
Average SV at rest (untrained = 50-70ml), (trained = 100ml)

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3
Q

What does Q stand for?

A

Cardiac output (volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute)
Average Q at rest (untrained & trained = 5L/min)

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4
Q

What is Venous return?

A

Deoxygenated blood returning from tissues/muscles/organs back to the heart

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5
Q

What does AV stand for?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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6
Q

What’s cardiac hypertrophy?

A

The heart gets bigger and stronger so can pump out more blood in one beat

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7
Q

Label the diagram of the heart

A

Bamboo paper

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8
Q

What is the average HR at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?

A

Untrained = 70 bpm, 100 bpm, 220 bpm - age
Trained = 50 bpm, 120 bpm, 220 bpm - age
Max HR = 220 - age
Resting HR lower than 60 bpm is called bradycardia (caused by cardiac hypertrophy)

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9
Q

What is the average SV at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?

A

Untrained = 70 ml, 100 ml, 100 ml but will decrease
Trained = 100 ml, 200 ml, 200 ml but will decrease
Starling’s Law (SV depends on VR, VR increase = SR increases)

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10
Q

What is the average Q at rest, submaximal and maximal for untrained & trained people + key info?

A

Untrained = 5 L/min, 10 L/min, 20 L/min
Trained = 5 L/min, 24 L/min, 40 L/min
Athlete’s heart is efficient & due to hypertrophy, it pumps more blood per beat (SV)
So resting HR us lower than 60 bpm (bradycardia)

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11
Q

What age is mainly used when calculating maximal heart rate?

A

Age 20. 220-20 = 200

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12
Q

What is Starling’s Law of the heart?

A

Stroke volume depends on venous return
If venous return increases, then stroke volume increases

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13
Q

What is the anticipatory rise?

A

Heart rate slightly rises, due to the the relapse of adrenaline (fight or flight) which anticipates that you’re about to engage in an activity/exercise

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14
Q

What are characteristics of sub maximal exercise?

A

Aerobic, long duration, endurance below anaerobic threshold, low-moderate intensity

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15
Q

What are characteristics of maximal exercise?

A

Anaerobic, short duration, short bursts, at or above anaerobic threshold, high intensity

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16
Q

What is the difference of maximal exercise to submaximal?

A

No steady state reached (supply of oxygen never meets the demand from the muscle)
Recovery time takes longer for HR to return to its rest value due to higher intensity

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17
Q

Draw and explain how different intensities & recovery effects HR, SV and Q

A

On docs, cardiovascular systems, introduction to cardiovascular systems

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18
Q

What is blood pooling?

A

Blood collecting in the pocket valves of veins and occurs when there is insufficient venous pressure to promote venous return.

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19
Q

What are the 3 venous return mechanisms that happen both at rest & during exercise?

A

Gravity = The return of blood from the upper part of the body to the heart is aided by gravity
Smooth muscle = When venous pressure falls below normal, smooth muscle in the walls of the
veins contract (venoconstriction) and venous blood pressure increases
Pocket Valves = One-way valves within veins that prevent backflow of blood and direct it towards
the heart

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20
Q

What are the 2 venous return mechanisms that happen only during exercise?

A

MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISMS USED
Skeletal muscle pump = Veins are located between skeletal muscles and are squeezed by the
contraction and relaxation of these muscles. Veins contain one-way valves,
so the displaced blood always moves towards the heart
Respiratory pump = During inspiration and expiration, pressure changes in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities promote flow towards the heart by squeezing veins

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21
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The heart can generate its own electrical impulse

22
Q

What are the 5 conduct systems and when does it happen?

A

EVERY beat, it uses each component
Sino-Atrial node (SA node)
Atrio-Ventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His
Left & right branches
Purkinje fibres

23
Q

What/where is the Sino-Atrial node (SA node)?

A

Also known as pace maker
SA node emits an electrical signal causing a wave of excitation across the atria
In the wall of the right atrium

24
Q

What/where is the Atrio-Ventricular node (AV node)?

A

AV node pauses for 0.1 seconds to allow all blood to travel from atria to ventricles (ventricle would beat before blood reached due to extricate being quicker then liquid)
In wall between right atrium and ventricle

25
Q

What/where is the Bundle of His?

A

Signal travels down the septum of the heart via the bundle of his
Bundle of nerves from AV node into septum

26
Q

What/where is the right & left branches?

A

Signal divides left and right at the apex of the heart
Splits at the apex below septum

27
Q

What/where is the Purkinje fibres?

A

The Purkinje fibres stimulate the ventricles to contract
In the wall of the heart

28
Q

Lab,e the diagram of the heart in relation to the conduction system

A

Bamboo paper

29
Q

Label the stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Bamboo paper

30
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

31
Q

How long does systole last?

A

0.3 seconds

32
Q

What is stage 1 of the cardiac cycle? (& explain)

A

Diastole
- heart relaxes phase, passive filling phase (lasting 0.5 seconds)
- deoxygenated blood enters RA from superior/inferior vena cava
- oxygenated blood enters LA from pulmonary veins
- rising blood pressure against AV valves forced blood into ventricles through tricuspid and bicuspid valves (small amount of passive blood flow)

33
Q

What is stage 2 of the cardiac cycle? (& explain)

A

Atrial Systole
- first stage of contraction, contraction of left & right atria
- forced remaining blood into left & right ventricles
- SL valves closed to build up pressure

34
Q

What is stage 3 of the cardiac cycle? (& explain)

A

Ventricular Systole
- second stage of contraction, contracts both L&R ventricles
- RV forces blood from pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery to the lungs
- LV forces blood from aortic valve into aorta to the body tissues
- bicuspid & tricuspid valves remain shut to prevent back flow to atria

35
Q

What stages of the cardiac cycle do the conduction system parts fit into

A

Stage 1 - none
Stage 2 - SA node
Stage 2/3 - AV node (between them, allows stage 2 to end and 3 to start)
Stage 3 - Bundle of His, Left & right branches, Purkinje fibres

36
Q

Fill in table about contracted, relaxed, open & closed

A

Bamboo paper

37
Q

What is the cardiac control centre? (ccc)

A

What is responsible for regulating the heart rate and force of contractions

38
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre found in the body?

A

Medulla oblongata (base/bottom of the brain)

39
Q

The CCC is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), what does this mean?

A

Means that things happen automatically and involuntarily
E.g heart rate, breathing rate, pH control

40
Q

What do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves do?

A

Sympathetic = increase heart rate (via accelerator nerve)
Parasympathetic = decrease heart rate (via vagus nerve)

41
Q

How does the CCC regulate heart rate?

A

Each cardiac cycle is controlled by the CCC
CCC initiates sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate the SA node causing an increase or decrease in heart rate

42
Q

What are the 3 main factors that affect the CCC?

A
  1. Neural control (proprioreceptors, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors) - main control factors
  2. Hormonal control (adrenaline)
  3. Intrinsic control (temperature, venous return)
43
Q

During exercise CCC is stimulated by sensory receptors. What are the 3 neural control sense receptors & what do they detect?

A

Proprioreceptors - In muscles, tendons & joints, inform CCC that movement activity is increased
Chemoreceptors - Detects chemical change in muscles, aorta & carotid arteries. They inform CCC that practice acid & CO2 levels increased and O2 & pH levels decreased
Baroreceptors - Detetc stretch within a vessel wall and inform CCC that blood pressure increased.
When pressure increases, it attempts to decrease HR but overridden by chemo/proprioreceptors

44
Q

What hormone is released into blood stream before/during exercise, & what area of heart does it affect?

A

Adrenaline released from adrenal glands & stimulates SA node to increase HR and strength of contractions leading to increased SV

45
Q

What does intrinsic mean & what are the factors that effect intrinsic control of HR (during/after exercise)?

A

Intrinsic = Internal Factors
During Exercise - Temperature increases -> faster nerve impulses -> increased HR
- Venous return increases -> SV increases (Starling’s law) & stretch on ventricle
walls leading to strong contractions of the heart
After Exercise - Temperature decreases -> HR falls
- VR decreases -> SV decreases (Starling’s Law)

46
Q

Check key term understanding

A

Control of HR (CCC) - Doc, CV systems

47
Q

How are O2 and CO2 transported in the blood?

A

O2 : 97% carried in haemoglobin in red blood cells (oxyhaemoglobin), 3% carried in blood plasma
CO2 : 70% dissolved + carried as carbonic acid, 23% carried as haemoglobin (carbaminohaemoglobin), 7% carried in blood plasma

48
Q

What does VCC stand for and what stimulates it and what does it do?

A

Vasomotor control centre
Chemoreceptors and baroreceptors stimulate the VCC.
VCC will then manage blood flow to various areas of the body (vascular shunt mechanism)

49
Q

Describe the process of the VVC/vascular shunt mechanism at the muscles and organs

A

At the muscles:
VCC decreases sympathetic stimulation of arteriolar and pre capillary sphincters -> Causing vasodilation of arterioles and pre capillary sphincters -> Increasing blood flow to muscles

At the organs (e.g. digestive system, liver):
VCC increases sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and pre capillary sphincters -> Causing vasoconstriction of arterioles and pre capillary sphincters -> Decreasing blood flow to nonessential organs

50
Q

What is Vasomotor tone and when does it happen?

A

Slight constriction of vessels to maintain blood pressure
Always happens

A Level PE (12 decks)

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