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A Level PE > Paper 1 - Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by inspiration & expiration?

A

Inspiration = breathing in
Expiration = breathing out

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2
Q

What are the 5 steps that make it easier to learn the mechanics of breathing (describe each)?

A
  1. Muscles (actively contact or passively relax to cause movement)
  2. Movement (ribs, sternum and abdomen move to change the size of thoracic cavity)
  3. Thoracic cavity volume (increases or decreases)
  4. Lung air pressure (increases or decreases)
  5. Inspiration/expiration (air breathed in or out)
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3
Q

What happen at respiration at REST during the inspiration (active) phase?

A
  1. Muscles (diaphram contracts, external intercostals contract)
  2. Movement (diaphram flatterns, ribs move up and out)
  3. Thoracic cavity volume (increases)
  4. Lunge air pressure (decreases, below atmospheric air pressure - outside body)
  5. Inspiration or expiration (air rushes into lungs)
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4
Q

What happens at respiration at REST during the expiration (passive) phase?

A
  1. Muscles (diaphram relaxes passively,external intercostals relax)
  2. Movement (diaphram pushes upwards - dome shape, ribs move in and down)
  3. Thoracic cavity volume (decreases)
  4. Lunge air pressure (increases)
  5. Inspiration or expiration (air rushes out of lungs)
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5
Q

What happen at respiration during EXERCISE during the inspiration (active) phase?

A

(More active then inspiration at rest)

  1. Muscles (diaphram, external intercostals, SCM, scalenes and pectoral minor all contract)
  2. Movement (diaphram flatterns forcefully, ribs move up and out even more then at rest)
  3. Thoracic cavity volume (increases, even more then at rest)
  4. Lunge air pressure (lowers, even more then at rest)
  5. Inspiration or expiration (air rushes into lungs, even more then at rest)
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6
Q

What happen at respiration during EXERCISE during the expiration (active) phase?

A
  1. Muscles (diaphram + external intercostals relax / internal intercostals, rectus abdominals + external obliques all contract)
  2. Movement (diaphram moves up forcefully, ribs move in and down forcefully)
  3. Thoracic cavity volume (decreases, even more then at rest)
  4. Lunge air pressure (increases, even more then at rest)
  5. Inspiration or expiration (air rushes out of lungs, even more then at rest)
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7
Q

What is diffusion and how does the diffusion gradient affect the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Movement of gases from area of high pressure to ares of low pressure
The difference in pressure between one area and another is the diffusion gradient
The bigger the difference the faster/greater the diffusion

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8
Q

What does partial pressure mean?

A

PP is the pressure (concentration) a gas exerts within a mixture of gases
Gas will travel from high pp to low pp

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9
Q

Describe moment of O2 and CO2 alveoli - muscles - alveoli

A

Diagram on bamboo paper

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10
Q

Define tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath (500ml at rest)

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11
Q

Define frequency (breathing rate)?

A

Breaths per minute

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12
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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13
Q

Link tidal volume, frequency and minute ventilation

A

VE = TV x F

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14
Q

What is gaseous exchange and where does it take place?

A

Exchange of gases via diffusion (mainly O2 and CO2)
Between lungs and blood, blood and tissues (muscles)

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15
Q

Where does external respiration take place (movement of O2 and CO2 & why they move)

A

Where : Alveoli (lungs) and capillaries surrounding alveoli
Movement : O2 in alveoli diffuses into blood
CO2 from blood diffuses into alveoli
Why : O2, ppO2 in lungs is higher than in bloodstream
CO2, ppCO2 in bloodstream is higher than in lungs

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16
Q

Where does internal respiration take place (movement of O2 and CO2 & why they move)

A

Where : Blood in capillaries surrounding tissues (muscles) and in the tissues (muscles)
Movement : O2 in blood diffuses into tissues (muscles)
CO2 in tissues diffuses into blood
Why : O2, ppO2 is higher in bloodstream than in tissues
CO2, ppCO2 is higher in tissues than in bloodstream

17
Q

Describe the process of external respiration

A

Inspired air enters the lungs (alveoli) and has higher ppO2 and lower ppCO2 than the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli
Therefore it goes down the diffusion gradient and
O2 alveoli -> blood
CO2 blood -> alveoli (then expired/breathed out)

18
Q

Describe the process of internal respiration

A

Oxygenated blood pumped around body until reaches capillaries surrounding the body tissues (muscle)
Blood in capillaries has higher ppO2 and lower ppCO2 than in the tissues
O2 transferred (diffused) from haemoglobin in blood into myoglobin in the muscle
CO2 diffuses from muscle to blood
Goes down the diffusion gradient

19
Q

What is Association and Dissociation?

A

A = O2 combines with haemoglobin through diffusion at the lungs to give oxyhaemoglobin
D = O2 releases from haemoglobin through diffusion at the muscles

20
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Amount of O2 combined with haemoglobin usually expressed as % and depends on ppO2
E.g. haemoglobin is 100% (98%) saturated at lungs

21
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Shows relationship between ppO2 and % of saturation of haemoglobin

22
Q

Draw the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at rest & exercise

A

Bamboo paper

23
Q

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve as exercise intensity increases and why? What is this shift called?

A

Shifts to the right

Why:
1. Oxygen decreases
2. Carson Dioxide increases
3. Temperature increases
4. pH decreases (more acidic)

Bohr’s Shift

24
Q

Draw the RCC and explain inspiration and expiration at rest & exercise

A

Bamboo paper

25
Q

RCC - What happens at I.C. at rest?

A

Intercostal nerve stimulates external intercostals to contract
Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contacts
(Link to movement, thoracic cavity, pressure & air flow)

26
Q

RCC - What happens to I.C. during exercise?

A

Increases stimulation of external intercostals and diaphragm (contract) with more force. Stimulation of SCM, pectoralis minor, scalenes pulling sternum and top ribs up and out.
(Then explain other mechanics of breathing)

27
Q

RCC - What happens at E.C. at rest?

A

No activity as passive process
Is inactive

28
Q

RCC - What happens to E.C. during exercise?

A

Stimulation of internal intercostals via intercostal nerve & stimulation of rectus abdominis and obliques. Causes ribs to move in and down & diaphragm to be forced up
(Finish mechanics of breathing)

29
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Respiratory Control Centre?

A

Inspiration Centre
Expiratory Centre

30
Q

What 4 factors influence the neural control of breathing?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors (detect increase in CO2 & decrease and O2 & pH)
  2. Proprioceptors (detects movement)
  3. Themoreceptors (detect blood temperature increasing)
  4. Baroreceptors (detects the stretch of the lung walls)
31
Q

What are the values of f, tv, ve at rest for an average person and an endurance athlete?

A

F - (A = 12 breaths per minute) (E = 10 breaths per minute)
TV - (A & E = 500ml)
VE - (A = 6L/min) (E = 5L/min)

32
Q

What are the values of f, tv, ve at maximal exercise for an average person and an endurance athlete?

A

F - (A = 50 breaths per minute) (E = 60 breaths per minute)
TV - (A = 2500ml) (E = 3000ml)
VE - (A = 125L/min) (E = 180L/min)

33
Q

Fill in the gaps about effect of different exercise intensities and recovery on f

A

Bamboo paper

34
Q

Fill in the gaps about effect of different exercise intensities and recovery on tv

A

Bamboo paper

35
Q

Fill in the gaps about effect of different exercise intensities and recovery on ve

A

Bamboo paper

A Level PE (12 decks)

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