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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO > PAPER 3 - Schizophrenia > Flashcards

PAPER 3 - Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • catatonic behaviour
  • disorganised speech
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2
Q

What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?

A
  • affective flattening
  • anhedonia
  • speech poverty
  • avolition
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3
Q

Describe HALLUCINATIONS

A
  • hearing voices
  • feeling bugs
  • smelling things
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4
Q

Describe DELUSIONS

A
  • being followed
  • paranoid
  • hacked phone
  • secret messages on tv
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5
Q

Describe CATATONIC BEHAVIOUR

A
  • loss in motivation
  • unhygienic
  • abnormal activity - dress in winter clothes in summer
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6
Q

Describe DISORGANISED SPEECH

A
  • abnormal speech
  • word salad
  • gibberish
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7
Q

Describe AFFECTIVE FLATTENING

A
  • reduced range of emotional intensity
  • body language / eye contact
  • prosody - speech cues (volume / tone)
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8
Q

Describe ANHEDONIA

A
  • reduction in pleasure of activities
  • persuasive = all-embracing
  • social = loss of social activity
  • physical = food + body contact
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9
Q

Describe SPEECH POVERTY

A
  • not being able to speak fluently

- thoughts are blocked

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10
Q

Describe AVOLITION

A
  • disinterest in activities
  • stay at home
  • isolation
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11
Q

What is DIAGNOSTIC RELIABILITY ?

A

a diagnosis of SZ must be repeatable

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12
Q

What is TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY ?

A

clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time

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13
Q

What is INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ?

A

different clinicians reaching the same conclusion

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14
Q

How is inter-rater reliability measured ?

A

kappa score

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15
Q

What is considered perfect inter-rater reliability ?

A

kappa score of 1

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16
Q

What was the kappa score for SZ in the DSM-V ?

A

0.46 = not reliable

17
Q

How does culture impact the diagnosis of SZ ?

A

culture has an influence on the diagnostic process

18
Q

Who researched the cultural differences in diagnosis of SZ ?

A
  1. Copeland

2. Luhrman

19
Q

Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences

A
  • 134 US psychiatrists
  • 194 UK psychiatrists
  • description of patient
  • 69% US diagnosed SZ
  • 2% UK diagnosed SZ
20
Q

Describe Luhrman’s research into cultural differences

A
  • 60 SZ adults (Ghana, India, US)
  • African & Indian = positive experiences w/ voices
  • US = no positive experiences
  • voices might not be an inevitable feature of SZ
21
Q

What is VALIDITY ?

A

are we measuring what we’re claiming to measure ?

22
Q

What is CRITERION VALIDITY ?

A

is the diagnosis an accurate reflection of the disorder ?

23
Q

When does GENDER BIAS occur in the diagnosis of SZ ?

A
  • when accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on gender of the individual
  • clinicians basing judgements on stereotypical beliefs
24
Q

Who studied gender bias ?

A
  1. Broverman

2. Longenecker

25
Q

Describe Broverman’s research into gender bias

A
  • US clinicians
  • equated healthy ‘adult’ behaviour to healthy ‘male’ behaviour
  • tendency for women to be seen as less mentally healthy (androcentric)
26
Q

Describe Longenecker’s research into gender bias

A
  • since 1980s men diagnosed with SZ more
  • more genetically vulnerable OR high functioning of women (Cotton et al)
  • interpersonal function = bias clinician to under-diagnose
  • symptoms are masked
27
Q

What is SYMPTOM OVERLAP ?

A
  • symptoms of SZ are found in other disorders

- depression, bipolar disorder

28
Q

Who researched symptom overlap ?

A
  1. Ellason and Ross

2. Read

29
Q

Describe Ellason and Ross’ research into symptom overlap

A

those with dissociative identity disorder had more SZ symptoms than SZ patients

30
Q

Describe Read’s research into symptom overlap

A

most people diagnosed with SZ have SUFFICIENT SYMPTOMS of other disorders e.g. AVOLITION - DEPRESSION

31
Q

What is CO-MORBIDITY ?

A

the extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO (11 decks)

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