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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO > PAPER 1 - Attachment > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

how do we first form an attachment ?

A
  • non-verbal communication

- more sensitive to signals the deeper the relationship

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2
Q

what is RECIPROCITY ?

A
  • related response

- increasingly matched reactions

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3
Q

what is INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY ?

A
  • mirroring

- same actions

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4
Q

what did Melzoff and Moore observe ?

A
  • interactional synchrony
  • babies could imitate both facial and manual gestures
  • building blocks for social and cognitive development
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5
Q

what is PROXIMITY ?

A

people try to stay close to those who they are attached to

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6
Q

what is a SECURE BASE ?

A

even when we are independent we tend to make regular contact

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7
Q

what is SEPARATION ANXIETY ?

A

people become distressed when an attachment figure leaves

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8
Q

What did SHAFFER AND EMERSON study ?

A

development of attachment

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9
Q

Describe the key characteristics of Shaffer and Emerson’s development of attachment study ?

A
  • longitudinal study
  • working class family homes
  • 60 infants
  • Glasgow
  • mother would say how child reported to separation
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10
Q

How old were the infants in Shaffer and Emerson’s study ?

A

5 -23 weeks - studied at monthly intervals for the first 18 months

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11
Q

What is the first stage of attachment ?

A

ASOCIAL STAGE - 0 - 6 weeks

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12
Q

What is the second stage of attachment ?

A

INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT - 6 weeks - 6 months

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13
Q

What is the third stage of attachment ?

A

SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT - 7 - 9 months

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14
Q

What is the fourth stage of attachment ?

A

MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT - 10+ months

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15
Q

What happens in the ASOCIAL STAGE ?

A
  • similar response to objects and humans
  • bias towards people
  • like looking at faces
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16
Q

What happens in the INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT stage ?

A
  • more sociable
  • easily comforted by anyone
  • don’t prefer specific individuals
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17
Q

What happens in the SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT stage ?

A
  • separation anxiety
  • protest when primary caregiver leaves
  • fear of strangers
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18
Q

What happens in the MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT stage ?

A
  • multiple attachment

- by 1 year most infants had multiple attachments

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19
Q

What is the ROLE OF THE FATHER

A
  • 10% stay at home dads
  • playmate
  • males can adapt to be sensitive to child’s responses
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20
Q

What is the FIRST factor that affects the attachment of a father to their child ?

A

DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY

- more sensitive to child’s needs = better attachment

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21
Q

What is the SECOND factor that affects the attachment of a father to their child ?

A

TYPE OF ATTACHMENT TO OWN PARENTS

- single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their parents

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22
Q

What is the THIRD factor that affects the attachment of a father to their child ?

A

MARITAL INTIMACY

- intimacy that father has with their parents affects attachment

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23
Q

What is the FOURTH factor that affects the attachment of a father to their child ?

A

SUPPORTIVE CO-PARENTING

- amount of support father gives his partner e=affects type of attachment

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24
Q

What did GEIGER study ?

A

fathers play interactions were more playful than mothers

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25
Q

What did LAMB study ?

A

children prefer interacting with father when in positive emotional state

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26
Q

What are the key points of LORENZ’S study ?

A
  • animal study
  • imprinting
  • geese
  • 50% with natural mother
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27
Q

What time did Lorenz find was the strongest tendency for imprinting ?

A

13 - 16 hours

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28
Q

After what time had the tendency to imprint passed ?

A

32 hours

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29
Q

What is IMPRINTING

A

a process that BINDS a YOUNG ANIMAL to a CAREGIVER in a SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

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30
Q

Outline the key features in HARLOW’S study

A
  • effects of privation
  • 16 monkeys
  • wire mother
  • cloth mother
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31
Q

What did Harlow discover in his privation study ?

A
  • both groups spent more time with cloth mother
  • took refuge with cloth mother
  • explore more with cloth mother present
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32
Q

What is the LEARNING THEORY ?

A

children learn to become attached

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33
Q

What is CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?

A
  • associations between different stimuli
    FOOD: UCS = UCR
    MOTHER: NS = NR
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34
Q

What is OPERANT CONDITIONING ?

A
  • learning by reinforcement
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35
Q

What did BOWLBY investigate ? (1)

A
  • monotropic theory of attachment

- evolution explanation

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36
Q

What is MONOTROPY ?

A
  • a child attaches to one caregiver more than others

- the more time the baby spends with this primary attachment figure the better

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37
Q

What is the FIRST LAW linked with monotropy ?

A

THE LAW OF CONTINUITY

- the more constant and predictable a child’s care is, the better the attachment

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38
Q

What is the SECOND LAW linked with monotropy ?

A

THE LAW OF ACCUMULATED SEPARATION:

- the more time you spend with your child the better the attachment

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39
Q

What is the INTERNAL WORKING MODEL ?

A
  • template for future relationships

- based on infant’s primary attachment

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40
Q

Bailey et al is research evidence for Bowlby’s monotropy theory - what did they research ?

A
  • 99 mothers
  • 1 year old babies
  • quality of attachment
  • interview and observations
  • found poor attachments with own parents resulted in poor attachments to children
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41
Q

What did AINSWORTH study ?

A

THE STRANGE SITUATION

- quality of attachment between mother and child

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42
Q

What 4 things did the observers in Ainsworth’s study record ?

A
  • willingness to explore
  • separation anxiety
  • stranger anxiety
  • reunion anxiety
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43
Q

What percentage of children were SECURELY ATTACHED ?

A

66%

44
Q

What percentage of children were INSECURE AVOIDANT ?

A

22%

45
Q

What percentage of children were INSECURE RESISTANT ?

A

12%

46
Q

What did VAN IJZENDOORN study ?

A
  • cross cultural variations in attachment
  • meta analysis
  • 32 separate studies
  • 8 countries
  • 2000 babies
47
Q

Where was secure attachment most common ?

A

West cultures (highest - GB)

48
Q

Where was secure attachment least common ?

A

China

49
Q

Where was avoidant attachment most common ?

A

Germany

50
Q

Where was avoidant attachment least common ?

A

Japan

51
Q

Where was resistant attachment most common ?

A

Israel

52
Q

Where was resistant attachment least common ?

A

GB

53
Q

Where variation WITHIN a country greater or fewer than those BETWEEN countries ?

A

GREATER - 150%

USA: one study found 46% secure // one study found 90% secure

54
Q

Why are Israeli children resistant attachment ?

A
  • reared in a KIBBUTZ

- used to being separated from mothers

55
Q

Why are Japanese children resistant attachment ?

A
  • similar to israel but for different reasons
  • rarely left mothers
  • distress was due to shock not insecurity
56
Q

Why are German children avoidant attchament ?

A
  • independent children are desired

- less anxious about separation

57
Q

What did BOWLBY investigate ? (2)

A

MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY

58
Q

What are the key elements of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory ?

A
  • attachment to mother figure is essential for PSYCHOLOGICAL, EMOTIONAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
59
Q

In terms of maternal deprivation, what is the critical period ?

A

first 2.5 years of life

60
Q

What is the first EFFECT on DEVELOPMENT of maternal deprivation ?

A

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

  • low IQ
  • Goldfarb (1955) - low IQ - children in institutions
61
Q

What is the second EFFECT on DEVELOPMENT of maternal deprivation ?

A

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

  • affectionless psychopathy
  • inability to feel guilt
  • prevents normal relationships
62
Q

What is an INSTITUTION ?

A

where people live for a long time

63
Q

What is INSTITUTIONALISATION ?

A

effects of living in an institution / little emotional care / subsequent development

64
Q

What did RUTTER study ?

A

ERA STUDY

  • romanian orphans
  • 165 orphans
65
Q

How many of the romanian orphans where adopted by the age of 2 ?

A

111

66
Q

How many of the romanian orphans where adopted by the age if 4 ?

A

54

67
Q

Hoe many British children where the Romanian children compared to ?

A

52 - adopted by 6 months

68
Q

What where the findings of Rutter’s study ?

A
  • by 4 (if adopted by 6 months) the R had caught up with B

- adopted after 6 months = DISINHIBITED ATTACHMENT

69
Q

What did HODGES & TIZARD study ?

A
  • longitudinal study

- ex-institutionalised children

70
Q

What are the key elements of Hodges and Tizard’s study ?

A
  • 65 children
  • by age 4…
  • 24 adopted
  • 15 natural homes
  • assessments at 8 and 16
71
Q

What were the results of Hodges and Tizard’s study ?

A

DIFFERENCES (between adopted and restored)
- adopted had close attachments

SIMILARITIES

  • both were more likely to seek adult attention
  • less successful in school
72
Q

What are the 4 effects of institutionalisation ?

A

physical underdevelopment

intellectual under-functioning

disinhibited attachment

poor parenting

73
Q

What is PHYSICAL UNDERDEVELOPMENT as an effect of institutionalisation ?

A
  • physically small

- lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishment

74
Q

What is INTELLECTUAL UNDER-FUNCTIONING as an effect of institutionalisation ?

A
  • cognitive development

- from emotional deprivation

75
Q

What is DISINHIBITED ATTACHMENT as an effect of institutionalisation ?

A
  • attention seeking
  • clinginess
  • towards familiar and unfamiliar adults
76
Q

What is POOR PARENTING as an effect of institutionalisation ?

A
  • QUINTON ET AL
  • found parenting difficult
  • supported by Harlow’s monkey study
77
Q

What did SROUFE ET AL study ?

A

CHILDHOOD RELATIONSHIPS

- secure attachment = more popular / self-esteem / confidence

78
Q

What did SMITH ET AL study ?

A

ATTACHMENT TYPE AND BULLYING

  • 196 children
  • london
  • secure = least likely
  • IA = likely to be VICTIMS
  • IR = likely to be BULLIES
79
Q

What did HAZAN and SHAVER investigate ?

A

LOVE QUIZ

  • correlation between attachment type and approach to future romantic relationship
  • support for internal working model
80
Q

What did secure attachment describe love as ?

A
  • happy
  • friendly
  • accepting partners despite faults
81
Q

What did resistant attachment describe love as ?

A
  • involving obsession
  • jealousy
  • worry that partner didn’t love them
82
Q

What did avoidant attachment describe love as ?

A
  • feared intimacy
  • emotional highs and lows
  • don’t need love to be happy
83
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Melzoff and Moore ?

A

INTERNAL VALIDITY
- person doing the judging didn’t know what behaviour was being measured

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
- babies can’t change behaviour to suit the experiment

84
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Melzoff and Moore ?

A

RELIABILITY

- infant’s mouth in fairly constant motion

85
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Shaffer and Emerson - stages of attachment ?

A

NATURAL STUDY
- behaviour was unlikely to be affected by observer

SAGI ET AL

  • kibbutz
  • closeness of attachment is twice as common in family-based arrangements
86
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Shaffer and Emerson - stages of attachment ?

A

VALIDITY
- mothers’ report = bias

POPULATION VALIDITY
- same district and social class

CULTURAL VARIATIONS

  • individualistic cultures = main concern of themselves and immediate family
  • collectivist cultures = concerned with the group
87
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of role of the fathers ?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT
Geiger - fathers are more playful
Lamb - fathers adapted to becoming main caregiver

LIMITED FOCUS

  • research focuses on single mothers
  • poor socio-economic
  • may be the reason kids do less well in school and relationships
88
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Lorenz - imprinting ?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Guiton = chicks and rubber gloves

IMPORTANT INFO GAINED
- critical period

89
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Lorenz - imprinting ?

A

GENERALISING
- mammals show more emotional attachment

VALIDITY

  • Guiton
  • chicks eventually learned to mate with other chicks
90
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Harlow - effects of privation ?

A

GENERALISING
- mammals are easier to generalise to humans

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

  • help social workers understand the effects of privation
  • breeding programmes
91
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Harlow - effects of privation ?

A

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
- two heads were also different

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- lab study

92
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the learning theory ?

A

AMPLE OPPORTUNITY FOR REINFORCEMENT

  • dollard and miller
  • babies fed 2000 times in first year

SOME EXPLANATORY POWER

  • do learn through associations
  • food isn’t main reinforcer but is a reward
93
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of the learning theory ?

A

CONTACT > FOOD

  • Harlow
  • Shaffer and Emerson - 39% main attachment wasn’t mother

ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS

  • Bowlby
  • innate tendency to attach
  • adult programmed to become attached to infants
94
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Bowlby - monotropy theory of attachment ?

A

SUPPORT FOR IWM

  • Bailey = 99 mothers = poor attachment to own mothers meant poor attachment to child
  • McCarthy (results supported those of IWM)
95
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Bowlby - monotropy theory of attachment ?

A

MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT
- Shaffer and Emerson = 39% mother not main attachment figure

ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS

  • Kagan - Temperament Hypothesis
  • temperament affect relationship between mother and child
96
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the strange situation ?

A

PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

  • predict later development
  • secure = better relationships and success at school

INTER-RATER VALIDITY
- Bick et al - 94% agreement because of controlled conditions

97
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of the strange situation ?

A

OTHER ATTACHMENT TYPES
- Main and Solomon = disorganised attachment - mixture of IA and IR

VALIDITY
- only looks at attachment to the mother

98
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Van Ijzendoorn - meta analysis ?

A

ETHICALLY SOUND
- no new data collected

APPLICATIONS TO PSYCHOLOGY
- develop understanding of different child rearing practices and their impact on attachment

99
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Van Ijzendoorn - meta analysis ?

A

ETHNOCENTRIC PROCEDURE

  • developed in america
  • may not be suitable to use in other cultures

NOT TRULY REPRESENTATIVE

  • only looked at 1 study in China
  • 18 in the usa
100
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Bowlby - maternal deprivation ?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT

  • 44 Juvenile Thieves
  • 14 showed little affection
  • 12/14 frequent early separation

bifulco = 250 women lost mothers before 17 - doubled risk of mental illness

101
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of Bowlby - maternal deprivation ?

A

CRITICAL PERIOD MORE OF A SENSITIVE PERIOD

  • damage is not inevitable
  • twin boys isolated from 18 months - 7

DEPRIVATION AND PRIVATION

  • privation = never formed
  • deprivation = formed and lost
102
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the effects of institutionalisation ?

A

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

  • prove effects can disappear
  • increase validity

APPLICATIONS

  • improvements in child care
  • have key workers

NO CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
- romanian children weren’t dealing with other traumas

103
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of the effects of institutionalisation ?

A

STUDIES ARE LIMITED
- we don’t have much research into adulthood

ROMANIAN ORPHANS NOT TYPICAL

  • really poor conditions
  • hard to generalise
104
Q

What are the LIMITATIONS of early attachment on later relationships ?

A

VALIDITY IN MEASUREMENT

  • most studies don’t make use of the strange situation to classify attachment type but use interviews
  • relies on self-report being honest
  • retrospective nature relies on accurate recollections

OVERLY DETERMINISTIC
- research has found people having happy relationships even without secure attachment

105
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the early attachment on later relationships ?

A

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

  • don’t have the same problems as self-report techniques
  • Simpsom et al = support research of Hazan and Shaver

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO (11 decks)

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