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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO > PAPER 1 - Psychopathology > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five characteristics of FFA ?

A 
observer discomfort 
unpredictability 
irrationality 
maladaptiveness 
personal suffering and distress
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2
Q

What are the six characteristics of ideal mental health ?

APEARS

A

AUTONOMY - being independent
POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONESELF
ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY - adapting to situations
ACCURATE PERCEPTION OF REALITY
RESISTING STRESS - having coping strategies
SELF-ACTUALISATION - personal growth

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3
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

PEA

A
  • panic
  • endurance
  • avoidance
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4
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

A

A
  • anxiety
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5
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

CIS

A
  • cognitive distortions
  • irrational beliefs
  • selective attention
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6
Q

What are the key points about the BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH for PHOBIAS ?

A
  • phobias are learnt
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
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7
Q

What is CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?

A
  • associating something we don’t have a fear of (NS) with something we already have a fear of (UD)
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8
Q

What is OPERANT CONDITIONING ?

A
  • how phobias are maintained

- consequences lead to reinforcement

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9
Q

What are 2 STRENGTHS of the behavioural approach of phobias ?

A
  • RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Watson and rayner - baby Albert - loud noise + rats
  • RESEARCH EVIDENCE - DiNardo et al - relate fears to a particular frightening experience
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10
Q

What are 2 WEAKNESSES of the behavioural approach of phobias ?

A
  • EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS - scared of things that were threats to ancestors - suggests there is more to phobias than conditioning
  • SIMPLISTIC EXPLANATION - ignores cognitive factors - phobias are complex
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11
Q

What is SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION ?

A
  • treatment for phobias

- phobias being ‘unlearnt’

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12
Q

What are the three stages to SD ?

A
  • ANXIETY HIERARCHY - most feared to least fear situation
  • RELAXATION - taught by a therapist - deep breathing
  • EXPOSURE - vivo or vitro
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13
Q

What are two STRENGTHS of SD ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:
- research shows SD group were less fearful

APPROPRIATENESS:
- individuals are taking an active role - suits wide range of people

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14
Q

What are two WEAKNESSES of SD ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:
- anxiety is still present - may move to another phobia - - not a long term solution

APPROPRIATENESS:
- not suitable for all phobias - e.g. fear of the dark

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15
Q

What is FLOODING ?

A
  • similar to SD
  • done in one long sessions
  • reciprocal inhibition
  • continues until patient is relaxed
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16
Q

What are two STRENGTHS of FLOODING ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:

  • works on wide range of phobias
  • has long lasting effects

APPROPRIATENESS;

  • quick
  • only takes one session
  • cost effective
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17
Q

What are two WEAKNESSES of FLOODING ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:

  • only likely to work for specific phobias
  • social phobias are harder to ‘flood’

APPROPRIATENESS:

  • can be traumatic
  • you have wasted time and money
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18
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

SAA

A
  • sleep and eating behaviour
  • aggression and self harm
  • activity level
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19
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

LLA

A
  • lowered self-esteem
  • lowered mood
  • anger
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20
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

PAA

A
  • poor concentration
  • absolutist thinking
  • attending to and dwelling on the negative
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21
Q

What are the key points surrounding the cognitive approach of DEPRESSION ?

A
  • our thoughts influence our emotions which influence our behaviour
22
Q

How do NEGATIVE SCHEMAS affect depression ?

A
  • dominate thinking
  • developed in childhood through bad experience
  • provide negative framework
23
Q

What is the NEGATIVE TRIAD (Beck) ?

VSVWVF

A
  • view of self
  • view of the world
  • view of the future
24
Q

What are the 5 COGNITIVE ERRORS ?

CAOSG

A
  • catastrophizing
  • all or nothing
  • over generalisation
  • selective abstraction
  • global judgement
25
Q

What are the may points surrounding Ellis’s ABC MODEL ?

A
  • blame external events for unhappiness

- irrational thinking prevents happiness

26
Q

What are the three parts to the ABC MODEL ?

A

ACTIVATING EVENT - an everyday obstacle
BELIEFS - your belief about the situation
CONSEQUENCES - emotional response to the belief - often unhealthy

27
Q

What is MUSTABATORY THINKING ?

A
  • I must be approved by people i find important
  • I must do very well or I am worthless
  • the world must give me happiness or I will die
28
Q

What are two STRENGTHS of the cognitive approach to depression ?

A
  • PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS - cbt is effective - suggests that cognitions are involved in the development of depression
  • RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Lloyd and Lishman - supports idea that depressed people have automatic negative thinking
29
Q

What is a WEAKNESS of the cognitive approach to depression ?

A
  • patient is seen as RESPONSIBLE - we have control over our thoughts - over looks social factors
30
Q

What is CBT ?

A
  • challenge irrational thoughts
  • identifying irrational thoughts
  • behavioural element
31
Q

What is the behavioural element of CBT ?

A
  • alter dysfunctional behaviours

- encourage patients to identify activities they used to enjoy doing

32
Q

What is REBT ?

A
  • change irrational beliefs through challenging them
33
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD ?

PIE

A
  • prevent social relationships
  • interfere with normal daily behaviour
  • everyday tasks are hindered
34
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD ?

AT

A
  • anxiety is emotionally distressing

- temporary relief

35
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD ?

CU

A
  • constant obsessive thoughts

- uncontrollable

36
Q

What is the biological approach to OCD ?

A
  • our thoughts are a result of psychological internal process
37
Q

What are the genetic explanations of OCD ?

A
  • onset of OCD is a result of our genetic make-up that we are born with
38
Q

What is the COMP gene ?

A
  • production of the neurotransmitter dopamine

- one form is more common in OCD patients

39
Q

What is the SERT gene ?

A
  • affects transmission of serotonin

- OCD have 2 copies of 5-HTT

40
Q

What did MIGUEL ET AL find in his twin studies ?

A
  • we would expect a higher concordance rate in MZ twins in DZ twins (if there was a genetic component to OCD)
  • 53-87% chance of MZ twins developing OCD if one already had it
  • 22-47% chance of DZ twins developing OCD if one already had it
  • suggests there is a genetic component
41
Q

What impact does NEUROTRANSMITTERS have on OCD ?

A
  • genetic make-up affects the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain
  • two key neurotransmitters involved with OCD = serotonin and dopamine
42
Q

How does SEROTONIN affect OCD ?

A
  • OCD patients have low serotonin

- associated with the anxiety

43
Q

How does DOPAMINE affect OCD ?

A
  • linked with experiencing motivation / reward / compulsions
  • pleasurable experience = dopamine increase
  • doing compulsion = dopamine release
44
Q

Which area of the brain is linked with OCD ?

A 
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
- sends signals to the thalamus about things that are worrying

basal ganglia
- should stop minor worrying signals

45
Q

What are the STRENGTHS for the biological approach of OCD ?

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE
- twin studies

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

  • neural explanations = low levels of serotonin = SSRIs
  • genetic explanations = can scan babies deemed at risk
46
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES for the biological approach of OCD ?

A

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND OCD IS NOT 100% CLEAR

  • genetic = not 100% concordance rate - cannot rule out environmental factors
  • neural - not basal ganglia damage in all OCD patients

CORRELATIONAL
- levels of neural transmitters change due to OCD rather than causing OCD

REDUCTIONIST
- doesn’t consider two process model (classical / operant conditioning

47
Q

What is the most common SSRI

A

fluoxetine - increases levels of serotonin in the synapse

48
Q

How do SSRIs work ?

A
  • SSRI stops the re-uptake of serotnin meaning it stays in the synapse gap longer
  • leads to repeated stimulation of the receptors on the post synaptic clef
49
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the biological approach for treating OCD ?

A

RESEARCH
- symptoms decreased by 70% for SSRI takers

QUICK AND EASY

  • requires little physical time or cognitive effort
  • more desirable that psychological therapy
50
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the biological approach for treating OCD ?

A

NOT LONG TERM METHOD

  • symptoms come back when drugs aren’t being used
  • 45% relapsed within 12 weeks
  • only treat the symptoms not the cause

SIDE EFFECTS

  • SSRI = blurred vision, indigestion
  • dopamine = weight gain, tremors
  • people stop taking them

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO (11 decks)

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