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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO > PAPER 3 - Gender > Flashcards

PAPER 3 - Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of SEX ?

A

the BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE between male and female including chromosomes, hormones and anatomy

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2
Q

What are the MALE chromosomes ?

A

XY

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3
Q

What are the FEMALE chromosomes ?

A

XX

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4
Q

What is the definition of GENDER ?

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL and CULTURAL difference between male and females including attitudes, behaviour and social roles

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5
Q

What influences gender ?

A

social norms and cultural expectations (ENVIRONMENT)

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6
Q

What is INTERSEX ?

A

child is inadvertently exposed to HORMONAL IMBALANCES in the womb
- genitals appear neither obviously male or female

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7
Q

How many people experience intersex ?

A

1 in 2000 babies are born with some level of intersex

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8
Q

What is the definition of SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES ?

A

a set of beliefs and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS about what is expected for males and females in a GIVEN SOCIETY

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9
Q

Give an example of a sex-role stereotype with no basis

A

women love shopping and men hate it

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10
Q

Give an example of a sex-role stereotype that is backed by biology

A

women are better at multi-tasking

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11
Q

What is the definition of ANDROGYNY ?

A

displaying a BALANCE of masculine and feminine CHARACTERISTICS in one’s personality

(someone who cannot be identified as male or female)

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12
Q

What is the BSRI ?

A

the first SYSTEMATIC attempt to measure androgyny using a rating scale of 60 traits

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13
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the BSRI ?

A
  • VALIDITY
  • RELIABILITY
  • PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
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14
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the BSRI ?

A
  • CULTURAL ISSUES
  • TEMPORAL VALIDITY
  • ETHNOCENTRIC
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15
Q

What is the definition of CHROMOSOMES ?

A

they are found in the NUCLEUS of living cells and CARRY INFORMATION in the form of GENES; the 23rd pair = biological sex

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16
Q

What are chromosomes made of ?

A

DNA - genes are short sections of DNA

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17
Q

What is the definition of HORMONES ?

A

a CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE circulated in the blood that controls and REGULATES the activity of certain cells and organs

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18
Q

What is the definition of TESTOSTERONE ?

A

a hormone from the ANDROGEN group that is produced mainly in the MALE TESTES

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19
Q

What is the definition of OESTROGEN ?

A

the primary female hormone, which plays an important role on the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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20
Q

What is the definition of OXYTOCIN ?

A

a hormone, which causes the UTERUS TO CONTRACT during labour and stimulates LACTATION

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21
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the role of chromosomes and hormones ?

A
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Dr. Money)
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Van Goozen)
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Dabbs)
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22
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the role of chromosomes and hormones ?

A
  • CONFLICTING EVIDENCE (Tricker)
  • CONFLICTING EVIDENCE (Maccoby & Jacklin)
  • POPULATION VALIDITY
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23
Q

What is the definition of ATYPICAL SEX CHROMOSOME ?

A

any sex chromosome pattern that DEVIATES from the usual XX or XY formation

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24
Q

What are the two types of atypical sex chromosome combinations ?

A

klinefelter’s syndrome

turner’s syndrome

25
Q

What is KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME ?

A
  • affects 1:1000 males
  • XXY chromosomes
  • 47 chromosomes instead of 46
26
Q

What are the PHYSICAL characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome ?

A
  • reduced body hair
  • some breast development
  • underdeveloped genitals
  • more prone to breast cancer
27
Q

What are the PSYCHOLOGICAL characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome ?

A
  • poor memory
  • poor problem solving
  • don’t respond well in stressful situations
28
Q

What is TURNER’S SYNDROME ?

A
  • affects 1:2000 women
  • only have one X chromosome
  • 45 chromosomes rather than 46
29
Q

What are the PHYSICAL characteristics of Turner’s syndrome ?

A
  • no menstrual cycle
  • do not develop breasts
  • hips similar size to breast
30
Q

What are the PSYCHOLOGICAL characteristics of Turner’s syndrome ?

A
  • high than average reading ability
  • lower mathematical skills
  • struggle with visual tasks
31
Q

What is Kohlberg’s cognitive explanation of gender development ?

A
  • gender knowledge develops in the same way as all knowledge
  • through INTERACTION with the world
  • universal
32
Q

According to Kohlberg what is the FIRST stage of gender knowledge ?

A

GENDER IDENTITY (2-3 years)

33
Q

What occurs in the GENDER IDENTITY stage ?

A
  • label others
  • judgements based on external features
  • do not understand gender is permanent
34
Q

According to Kohlberg what is the SECOND stage of gender knowledge ?

A

GENDER STABILITY (4-6 years)

35
Q

What occurs in the GENDER STABILITY stage ?

A
  • gender is fixed

- can be confused by external changes e.g. woman wears trousers

36
Q

According to Kohlberg what is the THIRD stage of gender knowledge ?

A

GENDER CONSTANCY (7-12 years)

37
Q

What occurs in the GENDER CONSTANCY stage ?

A
  • changes in appearance does not mean change in gender

- start to learn gender appropriate behaviour

38
Q

What does the GENDER SCHEMA THEORY (gst) suggest as a cognitive explanation of gender development ?

A
  • children are MOTIVATED to acquire knowledge
  • earlier age than Kohlberg suggested
  • develop understanding ACTIVELY rather than passively
39
Q

According to the GST, at what age to children have a rigid idea of gender ?

A

3 years

40
Q

According to the GST, where do children gain schemas from ?

A
  • adults
  • peers
  • media
    = schemas are related to cultural norms
41
Q

What is the FIRST stage in the GST ?

A
  • in-group and out-group
  • in-group puts down out-group to raise self esteem
  • girls will say boys are nasty and girls who play with boys are teased
42
Q

What is the SECOND stage in GST ?

A
  • child forms own-schema
  • based on behaviours that are appropriate for them
  • develop with experience
  • “a doll is for a girl” –> “i am a girl, the doll is for me”
43
Q

What is the THIRD stage in GST ?

A
  • beliefs are resilient

- ignore info that is not consistent with in-group info

44
Q

What does the PSYCHODYNAMIC EXPLANATION suggest about gender development ?

A
  • children pass through 5 stages (OAPLG)
  • gender occurs in 3rd stage (phallic)
  • 3-6 years
  • before this children are bi-sexual
45
Q

What is the OEDIPUS COMPLEX ?

A
  • incestuous feeling towards mother
  • jealous of father
  • fear of castration from father
  • resolve anxiety = give up love for mother and IDENTIFY with FATHER
46
Q

What is the ELECTRA COMPLEX ?

A
  • double resentment for mother
  • love rival & castrated in the womb = penis envy
  • substitute penis envy for desire to have children
  • thus IDENTIFY with MOTHER
47
Q

What is the IDENTIFICATION phase in the psychodynamic explanation ?

A

identify with same-sex parent as it resolves their respective complexes

48
Q

What is the INTERNALISATION phase in the psychodynamic explanation ?

A
  • adopt the attitudes of the same-sex parent and take on their gender identity
  • boys and girls receive a ‘second-hand’ gender identity at the end of the phallic stage
49
Q

What does the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (slt) suggest as a theory of gender development ?

A
  • learned form observing and imitating other people
  • NUTURE
  • 4 mediational processes
50
Q

What are the 4 MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES in SLT ?

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • motor reproduction
  • motivation
51
Q

What is ATTENTION in relation to gender ?

A
  • pay attention to behaviour

- watch mum doing the ironing)

52
Q

What is RETENTION in relation to gender ?

A
  • retain and reproduce the information they have observed

- remember what she was doing when she was ironing

53
Q

What is MOTIVATION in relation to gender ?

A
  • hearing dad thanking mum for ironing shirt

- direct or indirect reinforcement increases motivation e.g. being praised for ‘being just like mummy’

54
Q

What is MOTOR REPRODUCTION in relation to gender ?

A
  • physically capable to reproduce behaviour

- copy the action by ironing dolls clothes with toy iron

55
Q

What is IDENTIFICATION ?

A

the extent to which we relate to a model

more likely to copy behaviour of models we identify with

56
Q

What is INDIRECT REINFORCEMENT ?

A

copying a role model who they have seen being rewarded for their behaviour

57
Q

What is DIRECT REINFORCEMENT ?

A

being praised for demonstrating a behaviour they have observed

58
Q

What is DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT ?

A

they way in which boys and girls are encouraged to show DISTINCT GENDER-APPROPRIATE behaviour

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) ADVANCED INFO (11 decks)

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