PAPER 2 - Biopsychology Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the Human Nervous System ?
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What makes up the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ?
the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
What makes up the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ?
NERVE CELLS - carry information to / from CNS
Within the CNS is the brain and spinal cord. What is the BRAIN responsible for ?
PHYSIOLOGICAL processes
Within the CNS is the brain and spinal cord. What is the SPINAL CORD responsible for ?
RECEIVING / TRANSMITTING information to / from the brain to PNS
reflex actions
What are the two systems within the PNS ?
SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC nervous systems
What does the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM do ?
- voluntary acts
- receives info from SENSORY RECEPTORS
- sends info to CNS = controls muscle movement
What does the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM do ?
- involuntary acts
- heart rate
- digestive system
What are the two sub divisions within the Autonomic Nervous System ?
SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC nervous systems
What does the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM do ?
- prepares body for emergency situation
- increases HR / blood pressure / vasodialation
What dies the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM do ?
- relaxes body
- decreases HR / blood pressure
What are NEURONS ?
- building blocks of nervous system
- transmit messages
- electrical and chemical signals
What are DENDRITES ?
- end of neuron
- receive signals (neurons / sensory recpetors)
What are dendrites connected too ?
cell body
What is connected to the cell body ?
axon
What is the axon covered in ?
myelin sheath - protects axon and speeds up electrical impulse
What is at the end of the axon ?
terminal buttons
What do TERMINAL BUTTONS do ?
communicate with the next neuron
What is the gap between neurons called ?
synapse
What are SENSORY NEURONS ?
- carry messages from SENSORY RECEPTORS
- convert messages to neural impulses
What is the structure of sensory neurons ?
LONG dendrites and SHORT axon
What are RELAY (INTER) NEURONS ?
- connect sensory to motor
- allow communication between neurons
- found in CNS
What is the structure of relay neurons ?
SHORT dendrites and SHORT axon
What are MOTOR NEURONS ?
- connect CNS to MUSCLES and GLANDS
- control muscles (directly and indirectly)
- release neurotransmitters = trigger response
What is the structure of motor neurons ?
SHORT dendrites and LONG axon
What is the structure / order of neurons ?
sensory receptors - dendrites - cell body - axon - terminal buttons - next neuron - CNS
What are NEUROTRANSMITTERS ?
CHEMICALS that DIFFUSE across the SYNAPSE to the NEXT NEURON
What is EXCITATION ?
leads to POST SYNAPTIC neuron becoming POSITIVELY CHARGED = MORE likely to fire
e.g. ADRENALINE
What is INHIBITION ?
leads to POST SYNAPTIC neuron becoming NEGATIVELY CHARGED = LESS likely to fire
e.g. GABA
What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ?
- second system
- made up of specialist glands
- glands release hormones
- hormones transmit messages
Name 4 endocrine glands
- thyroid
- pineal
- adrenal medulla
- adrenal cortex
What does the thyroid gland hold and its effects ?
THYROXINE
- metabolic rate
- growth rate
What does the pineal gland hold and its effects ?
MELATONIN
- arousal
- biological rhythms
- sleep-wake cycle
What does the adrenal medulla gland hold and its effects ?
ADRENALINE & NORADRENALINE
- fight / flight
- heart rate
- blood flow
- release glucose and fat
What does the adrenal cortex hold and its effects ?
GLUCO-CORTI-COIDS
- further release of glucose
- suppression of immune system
- inflammatory response
What is the FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE ?
- generate from autonomic nervous system
- reflex response
- increases reaction time
- facilitates OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING
What is the process of the fight / flight response ?
stressful event | hypothalamus - send message to... | pituitary gland - which releases... | adreno-cortico-trophic hormone (ACTH) - causes adrenal glands to release... | adrenaline - this triggers... | fight / flight response
FLIGHT / FIGHT RESPONSE: hypothalamus send message to the…
PITUITARY GLAND
FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE: pituitary gland releases…
ADRENO-CORTICO-TROPHIC HORMONE
FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE: adrenocorticotrophic causes the adrenal glands to release…
ADRENALINE
FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE: adrenaline causes physiological changes, leading to the…
FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE
FIGHT/ FLIGHT RESPONSE: after the stress is over the … is activated
PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH `
What are the 6 locations in the brain ? (MSVWAB)
motor cortex somatosensory cortex visual cortex wernicke's area auditory cortex broac's area
What lobe is Broac’s area in ?
FRONTAL
What lobe is the motor cortex in ?
FRONTAL
What lobe is the somatosensory cortex in ?
PARIETAL
What lobe is the visual cortex in ?
OCCIPITAL
What lobe is the Wernicke’s area in ?
TEMPORAL
What lobe is the auditory cortex in ?
TEMPORAL