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Geography GCSE > Paper 2 - The UK’s Evolving PHYSICAL Landscape > Flashcards

Paper 2 - The UK’s Evolving PHYSICAL Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

coastal zone

A

changing boundary between land and the sea

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2
Q

hard rock

A

resistant rocks

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3
Q

soft rock

A

less resistant rocks

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4
Q

hard rock examples

A

sandstone, limestone, chalk

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5
Q

soft rock examples

A

clay

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6
Q

disconcordant coastlines

A
  • strata is at a right angle to the coast
  • forms headlands and bays
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7
Q

concordant coastline

A
  • strata is parallel to coastline
  • example: Lulworth code
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8
Q

rock strata

A

stacked-up layers of sedimentary rock

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9
Q

erosion

A

wearing away the landscape

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10
Q

carbon dating

A

uses radioactive testing to find age of rocks which contained living material

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11
Q

how has tectonic processes affected the land

A
  • convection current beneath the plate uplifted rocks from below the sea - becoming land
  • during uplift, some rocks snapped and moved along faults in earthquakes -> each movement disturbed the strata so that they tilted
  • sometimes, the faults form a steep edge (fault scarp) where uplift has raised some parts more than others
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12
Q

how has glaciation affected the landscape

A
  • altering river valleys, making them deeper and widening them into U-shaped troughs
  • as they melted, the glaciers left features like Malham Cove with a spectacular waterfall
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13
Q

igneous rocks

A

the Earth’s oldest rocks, formed from lavas and deep magmas; they were once molten, then cooled and crystallised - most igneous rocks are resistant to erosion

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14
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

formed from sediments eroded and deposited by rivers, the sea, or on the sea bed - some are resistant while others crumble easily

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15
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity - heating and compression harden them and make them resistant

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16
Q

name igneous rocks

A

granite, basalt

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17
Q

name sedimentary rocks

A

chalk, clay, sandstone

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18
Q

name some metamorphic rocks

A

slate, marble

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19
Q

what is your upland landscape

A

lake district

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20
Q

what is your lowland landscape

A

the weald

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21
Q

what does discordant coastlines create

A

headlands and bays

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22
Q

batholith formation

A
  • A large mass of magma intrudes into the ground
  • Large masses of magma cools and solidifies
  • Large crystals form in the rock
  • They are dome shaped in overtime are exposed due to erosion
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23
Q

batholith

A

a type of igneous rock that forms when magma rises into the earth’s crust, but does not erupt onto the surface

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24
Q

weathering

A

Physical, chemical or biological breakdown of solid rock by the action of weather or plants

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25
Q

scree

A

Angular rock pieces created by freeze thaw weathering

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26
Q

features of Lake District (UPLAND)

A

was once glaciated which left behind U-shaped valleys and misfits (small rivers that flow where glaciers once were)

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27
Q

features of the Weald (LOWLAND)

A

Post glacial river processes: water in the chalk froze making it impermeable which created a dry valley

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28
Q

What is the geology of the Lake District (UPLAND)

A

hard igneous

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29
Q

What is a geology of the Weald? (LOWLAND)

A

Sedimentary

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30
Q

What is the weathering of the Weald (LOWLAND)

A

Chemical and biological weathering

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31
Q

What’s the weather in in the Lake District (UPLAND)

A

Physical weathering (freeze-thaw weathering)

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32
Q

What is a slope processes of the Weald (LOWLAND)

A

slow (soil creep - leaves behind scarp and vale)

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33
Q

What is the slope processes of the Lake District (UPLAND)

A

Rapid -> Rockfall and landslides

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34
Q

headland

A

A piece of land jutting into the sea

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35
Q

bay

A

A broad coastal inlet often with the beach

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36
Q

interlocking spurs

A

one of any number of projecting ridges that extend alternately from the opposite sides of the wall of a young, V-shaped valley down which a river with a winding course flows

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37
Q

Waterfall formation

A
  • There is Erosion of less resistant rock underneath the more resistant rock continues (undercutting) -> creates a plunge pool
  • Pressure and weight causes more resistant rock which overhangs to collapse
  • The waterfall continues to road and it takes a new position -> leaves steep Valley
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38
Q

Abrasion

A

When sand and pebbles are dragged along the river bed

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39
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Water is forced into cracks breaking up rock overtime

40
Q

Solution (erosion)

A

Where alkaline rocks are dissolved by acidic rainwater

41
Q

Attrition

A

Where rocks and stones wear each other away as they knock together

42
Q

name the 4 types of erosion

A

Abrasion, hydraulic action, solution, attrition

43
Q

Name the 4 types of transportation

A

solution, saltation, traction, suspension

44
Q

solution (transportation)

A

Dissolved chemicals are carried along - invisible to the eye.

45
Q

Suspension

A

Tiny particles of sediment are carried in the river’s current.

46
Q

traction

A

Large stones are dragged along

47
Q

saltation

A

Smaller stones or pebbles are picked up and then dropped again - this results in a
‘skipping’ motion

48
Q

transportation

A

Rivers move material (load) down stream from its source to its mouth.

49
Q

erosion

A

Rivers wear away their load AND the bed and banks of the river channel

50
Q

What is the place for flooding in UK (CASE STUDY)

A

Boscastle flood

51
Q

Where and when was the Boscastle flood? (CASE STUDY)

A

Cornwall, 16 August 2004

52
Q

What was the cause of the Boscastle flood? (CASE STUDY)

A

It was a flash flood - by caused by heavy rain for rising high tide - caused river levels to increase by 2.15 m in 1h

53
Q

what are some coastal erosional landscapes?

A

Arch, cave, stack, stump,

54
Q

Explain how a crack goes to an arch which goes to stock which goes to a stump

A
  • A crack grows into a cave by current action and abrasion
  • Cave continues eroding and breaks through the headland forming a natural arch
  • This leaves a tall rock stack
  • This stack erodes to form a stump
55
Q

Swash

A

Water that rushes up the beach

56
Q

Backwash

A

Water that flows towards the sea

57
Q

Constructive wave

A
  • swash is strong, backwash is weak
  • Builds up beach material
  • Created in calm conditions
58
Q

Destructive wave

A
  • swash is weak, backwash is strong
  • material is removed from the beach
  • Created in stormy conditions
59
Q

longshore drift

A

movement of material, such as sand and stones, along a coastline caused by the movement of waves - waves that are pushed up on to the beach by the wind at an angle

60
Q

Explain the movement of longshore drift

A
  • sediment moves at right angle to the beach
  • Swash moves in direction of prevailing wind (dominant wind direction)
61
Q

levees

A

A small ridge or raised area of land on the banks of the river - made from the sediment from the river

62
Q

Floodplain

A

Flat area of land that the river spills onto when it burst it banks

63
Q

wetlands

A

areas of land that are either permanently or seasonally inundated with water, supporting species that are adapted to live there

64
Q

delta

A

wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water

65
Q

estuary

A

bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea

66
Q

what river valleys are found in the lower course

A

Levees, floodplains, Deltas, estuaries

67
Q

What river processes are found in the upper course?

A

Waterfalls, erosion, interlocking spurs, transportation

68
Q

What river valleys are found in the middle course

A

Meander, Oxbow lakes

69
Q

Discharge

A

volume of water flowing in a river (measured in cubic meters per second)

70
Q

meander - how’s it formed

A

a bendy lake
- formed due to lots of erosion on the outside of the bend - fast flowing water with lots of energy and lots of deposition on the inside of the bend - less water on the inside so there is more friction and slower flowing water

71
Q

How is an Oxbow Lake formed?

A
  • The meander continues to erode and bend more
  • The fast current arose the meander neck through erosion
  • Deposition occurs which leaves an oxbow lake
72
Q

spit

A

a finger of new land made of sand and shingle jutting out into the sea from the coast

73
Q

bar

A

a split that has grown across a bay

74
Q

Saltmarsh

A

Low lying coastal wetlands extending between low and high tide

75
Q

Tombolo

A

Narrow strip of sand or shingle that connects an island to the main land or another island

76
Q

soft engineering

A

Uses natural methods to manage the environment

77
Q

hard engineering

A

Using artificial structures to control natural processes

78
Q

hard costal defence examples

A

sea wall, groynes, rock armour, gabions

79
Q

Soft coastal defence examples

A

Beach nourishment, dune regeneration, marsh creation

80
Q

Name some coastal depositional landforms

A

Bar, spit, Tombolo

81
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

Shows how a river changes following a period of rainfall

82
Q

How is rainfall presented in a storm hydrograph

A

As a bar graph

83
Q

How is discharge presented in a storm hydrograph?

A

As a line graph in metres per second

84
Q

Rising limb - discharge (storm hydrograph)

A

The rapid increase resulting from rainfall causing surface run-off then later through flow

85
Q

peak flow - discharge (storm hydrograph)

A

Maximum discharge in river

86
Q

Falling limb - discharge (storm hydrograph)

A

Falling flood water in river

87
Q

What are the four effects of human activity on the coastline?

A

Effects of development, effects of agriculture, effects of industry, effects of coastal management

88
Q

What are the effects of development at the coast?

A

Housing:
- people who work in London can no longer afford housing there, so some coastal towns and cities offer good alternatives for people who commute each day
- coast is also important for those seeking a place in which to retire
Office development
- high cost of London’s property also affects companies, so some of those too are moving out
- both Brighton and Bournemouth are popular locations with younger populations as universities and companies expand there

89
Q

What are the effects of agriculture in the coast

A
  • price of good farmland has risen sharply, (£2400 per hectare in 1995 to £30 000 in 2015)
    -> farmers have to maximise their income by using whatever land they can; the need for extra grazing is putting pressure on wildlife habitats.
  • Climate change and rising sea levels are likely to lead to flooding by salt water during winter high tides, which could threaten the pastures.
90
Q

what are the effects of industry on the coast

A

North Sea gas is piped onshore at the terminal in Bacton - it’s an example of how an essential development brings conflicts with tourists.

91
Q

what are the effects of coastal management on the coast

A

location that has suffered from erosion and is now influenced by coastal management to prevent further problems

92
Q

What is the coastal flooding location?

A

Happisburgh

93
Q

What caused flooding in Happisburgh?

A

The original defences (timber groynes were destroyed) and the government doesn’t want to keep paying for coastal defences as it keeps eroding -> ‘buy a rock for Happisburgh’

94
Q

basin lag time

A

Time difference between the peak of the rain storm and the peak flow of the river

95
Q

base flow

A

Normal discharge of the river

96
Q

Dredging

A

the act of removing silt and other material from the bottom of bodies of water

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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