Paper 1 - Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
hyper-urbanisation
the rapid growth of city areas (super-rate urbanisation)
conurbation
when two cities merge to form a continuous urban area
de-industrialisation
a reduction in industry (factories and manufacturing)
Reason why the world is increasingly urbanised
- rural-urban migration
- natural increase
metropolitan area
a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories
million city
a city with a population over a million
mega city
a city with a population of over ten million
world city
the importance and influence of these city are bigger than the size suggests (London and New York)
what are the 3 case studies of migration
- Kampala
- New York
- Detroit
what type of migration is NYC and why (CASE STUDY)
- type: international migration - migration/movement from different counties
- why: growth in knowledge economy (e.g. finance)
what type of migration is Detroit and why (CASE STUDY)
type: urban to rural migration - our of cities to countryside
why:
- rich left to go to rural areas - less tax income
- car industry went bankrupt - deindustrialisation
- people could no longer afford mortgages - 62,000 homes were sold because of debt
what type of migration is Kampala and why (CASE STUDY)
type: internal migration - rural-urban migration
why:
- jobs growing in businesses
- better services
- better life chances
urbanisation
a process where an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities
what causes urbanisation (push and pull factors)
push:
- war or civil unrest, poss of employment, lack of facilities, boredom with rural life, standards of living, failure of crops, costs of living
pull:
- better employment opportunities, education opportunities, access to services, better facilities
problems of urbanisation
- too many people
- not enough space - deforestation to make space
- smaller houses to take up less land
alpha++ cities
cities more integrated with the the global economy (e.g. London and NYC)
for the world city: London look at the economy, transport, culture and political decision
economy:
- businesses thrive, around 40% of the worlds foreign equalities are traded here. This figure is larger than New York cities.
transport:
- 100,000 flights a month
- 1st city to have an underground railway
culture:
- 300 languages spoken and 14 faiths practiced
- 37% of the population is born outside of the UK
political decision:
- Brexit may have/has impacted trade with EU countries
for the world city: New York look at the economy, transport, culture and political decision
economy:
- one of three command centres for the WORLDS economy
- GMP - 1.39 trillion
transport:
- more than 12,000 yellow cabs
- subway open 24/7
culture:
- 36% of the population is foreign born
- 800 languages spoken
political decision:
- HQ of the UN (United Nations)
- Trump may have impacted//influenced trade with other countries
informal sector
apart of an economy is neither fasted nor monitored by any form of government
formal sector
part of an economy that is official meets legal standards for accountants, taxes and worker pay/conditions
developing city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)
Kampala, Uganda
- only 5% of people employed in manufacturing
- Huge informal economy - 50% of GDP comes from it
emerging city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)
New Delhi, India
- wealthiest city in India (39th richest in world)
- 75% of the city working in the informal economy - informal economies 50% of India’s GDP
developed city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)
NYC, USA
- One of the worlds biggest economies
- If it was a country, it would be 12th richest in the world
- Manufacturing makes up 10% of employment
- Financial sector is also 10%
- Most money has made in knowledge economy - finance
jobs in informal sector and formal sector - developing city - Kampala
informal sector: pottery making, dying clothes, washing clothes, selling spices at the market
formal sector: shops, banks, offices, government, airline
informal sector and formal sector - emerging city - New Delhi
informal: selling cigarettes, food Street stores, markets - selling clothes, sweets stalls
formal: people working services, formal sector is 78% of GDP, 20% comes from manufacturing, clothing industry is growing fast -> factories
jobs in informal sector and formal sector - developed city - NYC
informal: self-employed workers, construction workers, street sellers, cleaners, caterers
Formal: financial sector
advantages and disadvantages of informal economy
+ businesses pay less
+ work opportunities in communities
- Exploitation/inequality
Suburbanisation
The movement of people from the city/in the suburbs to the outer suburbs
Counterurbanisation
When people leave town or cities to live in the countryside
re-Urbanisation
When people used to live in the city, moved out of the countryside or suburb and then move back into the city
What is lead to suburbanisation in New York (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)
- It became overcrowded - transport was created ( subway and Railway expanded)
- car ownership shipping increased, increased bridges, fast freeway
Why would someone want to live in a Long Island rather than in Manhattan? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)
Manhattan was overcrowded and transport, made it easier to live away/commute
What is white flight (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)
White second generation migrants move out and left behind poor migrant communities and black Americans
Between 1950 and 1980 New York lost 12% of his population why do you think this happened? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)
- Process known as counter urbanisation (people leaving cities)
- Wealthy white second generation migrants left so income from businesses and tax fell
- Overcrowding; pollution; poor school/services; high crime
after 1980 New York urbanised as people move back into the city why did people move back? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)
- The knowledge economy has created employment in city
- City safer due to increased employment and zero tolerance policies towards crime
- Regeneration - closure of docks/industries
What are the different types of urban land use?
CBD:
- Important functions, shopping centre, pedestrianised to reduce traffic and attract shoppers
Inner city:
- Terraced houses, close to where people work
- problem: has vacant and broken houses
The suburbs
- Semi detached houses with gardens, less congestion, vehicle access, open space
Outer suburbs:
- Newer and more expensive agriculture, mixed land uses, businesses still operate here, most land may be private, hard to build on
What are the three different models for use
- the burgess model
- The Hoyt model (M.E.D.C)
- the LEDC model
the Burgess model diagram
the Hoyt model diagram
The LEDC model diagram
Mumbais National connection (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
Has the second biggest part so large container shipped can access Mumbai
Mumbais international connections (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
- It is closer to Europe via the Suez Canal than any other Indian cities; shipping takes five days shorter than other places in India
- mumbai is nine hours from UK airport, it’s airport six 32 million passengers in 2014 (about half of these are from London Heathrow)
Land use in Mumbai (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
- It’s CBD is not in the centre as it was built around the port
- Industrial areas are near the port but because land is expensive people have moved out to Navy Mumbai where land is cheaper
- Wealthy suburbs are all in a city area along harbour or coastal waterfront, close to the CBD
- Middle to low income area areas are in older parts of the city further from CBD
- Low income groups live in ‘chawls’ - these are low quality multi story buildings - 80% of homes are single rooms
- Poor 60% of people live in informer housing most of squatter shacks on the outskirts far from work in the centre
- Thousands of people live on Mumbais Streets
Squatter settlements
Areas of cities (usually on the outskirts) that are built by people of any material they can find on land that does not belong to them
Positives of Slum life (Dharavi slums in Mumbai - MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
Strong sense of community, high employment rate, little crime, access to shops, five 50,000 factories
Explain what are the four main problems in Dharvi slums (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
Air pollution:
- Bad air quality
Water pollution:
- Open sewers
- No toilet facilities
- Water is rationed - supply is for two hours at 5:30 am
Housing:
- Sleep on the floor
- 21 share a house
- Hazardous
- Small windows
Waste:
- No bins
- Lack of sanitation
what are the three solutions to the problems in Dharavi slums?
- recycling and waste
- Large scale redevelopment
- Local based improvements
Explain the recycling and waste issue and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
solution: Dharavi has a recycling zone -> 80% of plastic is recycled or as it’s only 23% in the UK
issues:
- Children and women sit through the rubbish for valuable waste they have to work under the hot sun in appalling conditions
- at the edge of the tip the rug dealers sort their haul before selling it onto the dealers - from tip it arrives in Dharavi where it’s processed
Explain the large scale redevelopment issue and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
solution:
- 14 story apartments as accommodation
- Only people who have lived in slum since 2000 will be released
issues:
- Separate communities make people work away from where they live
- People who are relocated will be put into smaller housing
- Community spirits that’s a generations to develop will be ruined
- Locals would prefer small improvements instead like improvements in drainage
Explain the local based improvements and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
solution:
- ideas generated from local people include: adding an extra floor so all families can be accommodated in the same building
- Flats had 14 foot high ceilings, well ventilated, bright and less dependent on electric fans for cooling -> toilets are placed at the end of each of the 4 floors
issues:
- these ideas only work when water is running in Dharavi
What are the 3 classes in Mumbai?
- Slums
- Low middle class
- Upper middle class
Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in slums (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
Living space:
- A dank maze of ever narrowing passages
- shanty houses
- No electricity
Jobs:
- rag picking
- no job security
- No health and safety
Salary:
- no regular wage
- no contract
- annual salary of 200 rupees (£2)
Future prospects:
- low literacy rate of 69% so low prospects
Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in low middle class (MUMBAI)
Living space:
- small flat-> 4 people, 1 bedroom
Jobs:
- Carpenters, street vendors, decorators, drivers, teacher at a local school
Salary:
- Spending between £4 to £6 per day
- 23,000 rupees (£230) for annual salary
Future prospects:
- Incomes increasing
- Hope for children to work in IT/healthcare
Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in upper middle class (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
Living space:
- Company provide provides luxury one bed apartment in gated complex
Jobs:
- Operations manager
Salary:
- Spending between £6 to £10 per day
- 1.6 million rupees (£16000) for annual salary
Future prospects:
- Wants to own own place
What has caused Mumbai changing population and changing land use
- ports have created lots of jobs
- rural to urban migration due to more jobs, better education, entertainment options and higher incomes
- New suburbs are developing to cope with large population - 60% of Mumbai’s population live in slums due to the increase of the large number of migrants from rural areas that can’t afford to live in wealthy suburbs
- Natural increase plays an important role in the boys population increase because it counts for half of Mumbai’s annual grow
Ways investment has changed because of increasing population (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)
- Investment has been greatest in: Manufacturing (Textiles, Food processing & Engineering), Services (Banking, ICT & Call centres), Construction (Housing, Factories & Offices), Entertainment & Leisure (Bollywood, Hotels & Restaurants)
- All this has put pressure on land in the CBD, making Mumbai one of the world’s most expensive cities
- Factories are moving out due to high rents and land costs
problems caused by population growth in Mumbai
- Employment conditions
• Transport/ Traffic congestion
• Tax
• Air pollution
• Housing shortages
• Waste disposal
• Slum development
• Water supply
why does Mumbai have a tax problem
- There are few tax collectors - it is also impossible to chase tax collections from informal workers
• The city has set up tax-free zones to attract companies (so the companies also pay no tax)
• Without income tax Mumbai can’t provide services for the population.
what are the main issues facing Mumbai
- housing shortages and slum development
- water supply and waste disposal
- dealing with air pollution and traffic
housing shortages and slum development negatives (MUMBAI)
- Due to increase in population there is a massive housing shortage.
- City authorities have no money to build housing.
- Private companies are put off building because the government limits maximum rents – meaning rental income is reduced (positive for ppl renting)
- Most residents put up with very poor housing.
- Many live in cramped, poor quality, expensive rooms, far fromwork.
- Many residents are forced into slums – over time, they buy scrap materials to build a home.
- Once people find a space they rarely move on because Mumbai is expensive
waste supply and waste disposal + and - (MUMBAI)
- Only better-off suburbs have private water supplies.
- 60% of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps.
- In some slums, water only runs for 30 minutes’ day.
- Rapid urbanisation has also caused uncontrolled water pollution.
- 800 Million litres of untreated sewage go into the river every day.
+ 80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled.
+ The recycling industry is worth US$1.5 a year and employed 10,000 people.
+ In workshops, small smelters recycle cans, and vats of waste soap from hotels are melted and remoulded into bars
dealing with air pollution and traffic + and - (MUMBAI)
+ In 2015, an air quality index was introduced to improve air quality in Mumbai.
+ Suggestions for air quality improvements: Using LPG instead of burning coal, Introducing of low benzene petrol, Checking on fuel tampering, Improving public transport, Charging higher road tax on older vehicles
- Traffic congestion is legendary in India with not enough money being spent on roads.
- There are too few suburban train and bus networks to meet demand.
- 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railway each year; most deaths are caused by passengers crossing tracks, sitting on train roofs and being electrocuted by overhead cables, or hanging from doors and windows
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations
top-down development
Schemes that are funded by large companies or decisions that are made by the national government. Local people often don’t get involved in the process.
what was vision Mumbai (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)
- In 2003 a report by American firm McKinsey, called ‘Vision Mumbai, suggested investment of US$40 Billion to improve Mumbai
- It would work as a partnership between government, property companies and investors
- Completion be by 2050
- Its overall aim was to improve the quality of live for Mumbai’s citizens
What was Vision Mumbai’s main aims (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)
demolish slums:
- developers buy slum land for discount prices
improve rail and road transport:
- improve training capacity and safety
- Widen and beautify main roads
improve water, sanitation and health care:
- Build 300 extra public toilets
- Restore 325 ‘green spaces’ that were polluted and used for dumping waste
boost economic growth:
- build high rise blocks for slum dwellers next to shopping malls and officers
-The developers would buy slum land discount price
reasons FOR Vision Mumbai (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)
- by 2015, 72 new trains were introduced on Mumbai’s railways
- In 2015 new measures undertaken to improve air quality
- Piped water and sewage systems were installed in new flats
- Platforms have been raised to prevent people from falling into gaps between trains and dying
reasons AGAINST Vision Mumbai
- rent cost more than the slums
- New 14 story apartment blocks have split communities
- Slums are still growing rapidly
- Many people prefer slum improve (e.g. Piped water) to demolition
- beaches are still unsafe for recreation
- Water quality is not improving in Mumbai - there is now increased sewage discharge
- Small workshops have gone out of business affecting Mumbai’s recycling industry
bottom up development
Where experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives
What was Mumbais top down and bottom up case studies
Top down: Vision Mumbai
Bottom-up: Lok Seva Sangham
What happens when you’re ill in Mumbai (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)
- Mumbai’s slums are a huge challenge because of: Water quality; Waste disposal; Lack of sanitation
• Disease spreads easily
• India has no national health service
• If you need healthcare you have to pay for it or use insurance.
• The disease Leprosy is a huge problem. It is a slow developing, contagious, bacterial disease which affects the skin, mucous membrane and nerves. It is treatable and curable
What is Lok Seva Sangham (LSS) (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)
- registered charitable institution since 1976
- Controls the spread of leprosy
- does: detection of skin disease diseases; dermatology clinics; pharmacies; education of young children (long term)
what was the health related work in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)
- 75% of people have been cured of Leprosy
- in 1980s there was 4000 cases of leprosy by 2007 there was 216
- They have treated 28,000 people of leprosy
- LSS has employed full-time medical staff, including three nurses to treat people
what was the education in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)
- people are educated on symptoms of leprosy and TB
- They employ five teachers to survey and detect cases of disease
- Teachers persuade people treatment is easy - they also carry out checkups on patients
- LSS work with women to teach them about sanitation
- they encourage vermiculture (making compost) to recycle waste and can be sold
what was the community in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)
- hold activity such as sewing to aid discussion about diseases and raise money
- Community group talks about diseases and personal care
- They use street theatre which uses drama to show disease symptoms
- DVD’s are played in community groups about healthcare
Describe what commercial land use is like and why is it like this?
Characteristics of the land use in the city (what is it like)?:
- buildings are higher density
- Mostly in the CBD
- ‘low-rise’ businesses and retail parks on the city edge (the rural to urban fringe)
- Buildings taller than the rest of the city
Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
- land is expensive every bit of land is used (city parks are protected by law
- This is the most successful part of the city (the railway station is there and most roads meet there)
- Planners allow these near main roads for retail customers or staff to reach without going into the city
- Demand for land is greatest
Describe what industrial land use is like and why is it like this?
Characteristics of the land use in the city (what is it like)?:
- away from the centre, either in the inner city (older 19th century industries) or on the city edge (more recent industries)
- Close to transport links e.g. motorways, railways, ports
Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
- most industries need space so these are away from the CBD -> new industries are built on ‘industrial Estates’ reserved by planners to keep industry separate
- Industries need transport -> older industries relied on canals, rivers, and railways however new industries rely on roads
Describe what residential land use is like and why is it like this?
Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
-
What is our name city for how land changes across the city
Bristol
