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Geography GCSE > Paper 1 - Challenges Of An Urbanising World > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards

1
Q

hyper-urbanisation

A

the rapid growth of city areas (super-rate urbanisation)

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2
Q

conurbation

A

when two cities merge to form a continuous urban area

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3
Q

de-industrialisation

A

a reduction in industry (factories and manufacturing)

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4
Q

Reason why the world is increasingly urbanised

A
  • rural-urban migration
  • natural increase
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5
Q

metropolitan area

A

a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories

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6
Q

million city

A

a city with a population over a million

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7
Q

mega city

A

a city with a population of over ten million

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8
Q

world city

A

the importance and influence of these city are bigger than the size suggests (London and New York)

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9
Q

what are the 3 case studies of migration

A
  • Kampala
  • New York
  • Detroit
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10
Q

what type of migration is NYC and why (CASE STUDY)

A
  • type: international migration - migration/movement from different counties
  • why: growth in knowledge economy (e.g. finance)
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11
Q

what type of migration is Detroit and why (CASE STUDY)

A

type: urban to rural migration - our of cities to countryside
why:
- rich left to go to rural areas - less tax income
- car industry went bankrupt - deindustrialisation
- people could no longer afford mortgages - 62,000 homes were sold because of debt

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12
Q

what type of migration is Kampala and why (CASE STUDY)

A

type: internal migration - rural-urban migration
why:
- jobs growing in businesses
- better services
- better life chances

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13
Q

urbanisation

A

a process where an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities

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14
Q

what causes urbanisation (push and pull factors)

A

push:
- war or civil unrest, poss of employment, lack of facilities, boredom with rural life, standards of living, failure of crops, costs of living
pull:
- better employment opportunities, education opportunities, access to services, better facilities

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15
Q

problems of urbanisation

A
  • too many people
  • not enough space - deforestation to make space
  • smaller houses to take up less land
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16
Q

alpha++ cities

A

cities more integrated with the the global economy (e.g. London and NYC)

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17
Q

for the world city: London look at the economy, transport, culture and political decision

A

economy:
- businesses thrive, around 40% of the worlds foreign equalities are traded here. This figure is larger than New York cities.
transport:
- 100,000 flights a month
- 1st city to have an underground railway
culture:
- 300 languages spoken and 14 faiths practiced
- 37% of the population is born outside of the UK
political decision:
- Brexit may have/has impacted trade with EU countries

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18
Q

for the world city: New York look at the economy, transport, culture and political decision

A

economy:
- one of three command centres for the WORLDS economy
- GMP - 1.39 trillion
transport:
- more than 12,000 yellow cabs
- subway open 24/7
culture:
- 36% of the population is foreign born
- 800 languages spoken
political decision:
- HQ of the UN (United Nations)
- Trump may have impacted//influenced trade with other countries

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19
Q

informal sector

A

apart of an economy is neither fasted nor monitored by any form of government

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20
Q

formal sector

A

part of an economy that is official meets legal standards for accountants, taxes and worker pay/conditions

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21
Q

developing city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)

A

Kampala, Uganda
- only 5% of people employed in manufacturing
- Huge informal economy - 50% of GDP comes from it

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22
Q

emerging city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)

A

New Delhi, India
- wealthiest city in India (39th richest in world)
- 75% of the city working in the informal economy - informal economies 50% of India’s GDP

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23
Q

developed city (CASE STUDY - urban economies differ)

A

NYC, USA
- One of the worlds biggest economies
- If it was a country, it would be 12th richest in the world
- Manufacturing makes up 10% of employment
- Financial sector is also 10%
- Most money has made in knowledge economy - finance

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24
Q

jobs in informal sector and formal sector - developing city - Kampala

A

informal sector: pottery making, dying clothes, washing clothes, selling spices at the market
formal sector: shops, banks, offices, government, airline

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25
Q

informal sector and formal sector - emerging city - New Delhi

A

informal: selling cigarettes, food Street stores, markets - selling clothes, sweets stalls
formal: people working services, formal sector is 78% of GDP, 20% comes from manufacturing, clothing industry is growing fast -> factories

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26
Q

jobs in informal sector and formal sector - developed city - NYC

A

informal: self-employed workers, construction workers, street sellers, cleaners, caterers
Formal: financial sector

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27
Q

advantages and disadvantages of informal economy

A

+ businesses pay less
+ work opportunities in communities
- Exploitation/inequality

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28
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from the city/in the suburbs to the outer suburbs

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29
Q

Counterurbanisation

A

When people leave town or cities to live in the countryside

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30
Q

re-Urbanisation

A

When people used to live in the city, moved out of the countryside or suburb and then move back into the city

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31
Q

What is lead to suburbanisation in New York (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)

A
  • It became overcrowded - transport was created ( subway and Railway expanded)
  • car ownership shipping increased, increased bridges, fast freeway
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32
Q

Why would someone want to live in a Long Island rather than in Manhattan? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)

A

Manhattan was overcrowded and transport, made it easier to live away/commute

33
Q

What is white flight (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)

A

White second generation migrants move out and left behind poor migrant communities and black Americans

34
Q

Between 1950 and 1980 New York lost 12% of his population why do you think this happened? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)

A
  • Process known as counter urbanisation (people leaving cities)
  • Wealthy white second generation migrants left so income from businesses and tax fell
  • Overcrowding; pollution; poor school/services; high crime
35
Q

after 1980 New York urbanised as people move back into the city why did people move back? (NEW YORK CASE STUDY)

A
  • The knowledge economy has created employment in city
  • City safer due to increased employment and zero tolerance policies towards crime
  • Regeneration - closure of docks/industries
36
Q

What are the different types of urban land use?

A

CBD:
- Important functions, shopping centre, pedestrianised to reduce traffic and attract shoppers
Inner city:
- Terraced houses, close to where people work
- problem: has vacant and broken houses
The suburbs
- Semi detached houses with gardens, less congestion, vehicle access, open space
Outer suburbs:
- Newer and more expensive agriculture, mixed land uses, businesses still operate here, most land may be private, hard to build on

37
Q

What are the three different models for use

A
  • the burgess model
  • The Hoyt model (M.E.D.C)
  • the LEDC model
38
Q

the Burgess model diagram

A
39
Q

the Hoyt model diagram

A
40
Q

The LEDC model diagram

A
41
Q

Mumbais National connection (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

Has the second biggest part so large container shipped can access Mumbai

42
Q

Mumbais international connections (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A
  • It is closer to Europe via the Suez Canal than any other Indian cities; shipping takes five days shorter than other places in India
  • mumbai is nine hours from UK airport, it’s airport six 32 million passengers in 2014 (about half of these are from London Heathrow)
43
Q

Land use in Mumbai (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A
  • It’s CBD is not in the centre as it was built around the port
  • Industrial areas are near the port but because land is expensive people have moved out to Navy Mumbai where land is cheaper
  • Wealthy suburbs are all in a city area along harbour or coastal waterfront, close to the CBD
  • Middle to low income area areas are in older parts of the city further from CBD
  • Low income groups live in ‘chawls’ - these are low quality multi story buildings - 80% of homes are single rooms
  • Poor 60% of people live in informer housing most of squatter shacks on the outskirts far from work in the centre
  • Thousands of people live on Mumbais Streets
44
Q

Squatter settlements

A

Areas of cities (usually on the outskirts) that are built by people of any material they can find on land that does not belong to them

45
Q

Positives of Slum life (Dharavi slums in Mumbai - MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

Strong sense of community, high employment rate, little crime, access to shops, five 50,000 factories

46
Q

Explain what are the four main problems in Dharvi slums (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

Air pollution:
- Bad air quality
Water pollution:
- Open sewers
- No toilet facilities
- Water is rationed - supply is for two hours at 5:30 am
Housing:
- Sleep on the floor
- 21 share a house
- Hazardous
- Small windows
Waste:
- No bins
- Lack of sanitation

47
Q

what are the three solutions to the problems in Dharavi slums?

A
  • recycling and waste
  • Large scale redevelopment
  • Local based improvements
48
Q

Explain the recycling and waste issue and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

solution: Dharavi has a recycling zone -> 80% of plastic is recycled or as it’s only 23% in the UK
issues:
- Children and women sit through the rubbish for valuable waste they have to work under the hot sun in appalling conditions
- at the edge of the tip the rug dealers sort their haul before selling it onto the dealers - from tip it arrives in Dharavi where it’s processed

49
Q

Explain the large scale redevelopment issue and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

solution:
- 14 story apartments as accommodation
- Only people who have lived in slum since 2000 will be released
issues:
- Separate communities make people work away from where they live
- People who are relocated will be put into smaller housing
- Community spirits that’s a generations to develop will be ruined
- Locals would prefer small improvements instead like improvements in drainage

50
Q

Explain the local based improvements and solution to the problems in Dharavi (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

solution:
- ideas generated from local people include: adding an extra floor so all families can be accommodated in the same building
- Flats had 14 foot high ceilings, well ventilated, bright and less dependent on electric fans for cooling -> toilets are placed at the end of each of the 4 floors
issues:
- these ideas only work when water is running in Dharavi

51
Q

What are the 3 classes in Mumbai?

A
  • Slums
  • Low middle class
  • Upper middle class
52
Q

Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in slums (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

Living space:
- A dank maze of ever narrowing passages
- shanty houses
- No electricity
Jobs:
- rag picking
- no job security
- No health and safety
Salary:
- no regular wage
- no contract
- annual salary of 200 rupees (£2)
Future prospects:
- low literacy rate of 69% so low prospects

53
Q

Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in low middle class (MUMBAI)

A

Living space:
- small flat-> 4 people, 1 bedroom
Jobs:
- Carpenters, street vendors, decorators, drivers, teacher at a local school
Salary:
- Spending between £4 to £6 per day
- 23,000 rupees (£230) for annual salary
Future prospects:
- Incomes increasing
- Hope for children to work in IT/healthcare

54
Q

Explain the living space, jobs, salary, and future prospects in upper middle class (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A

Living space:
- Company provide provides luxury one bed apartment in gated complex
Jobs:
- Operations manager
Salary:
- Spending between £6 to £10 per day
- 1.6 million rupees (£16000) for annual salary
Future prospects:
- Wants to own own place

55
Q

What has caused Mumbai changing population and changing land use

A
  • ports have created lots of jobs
  • rural to urban migration due to more jobs, better education, entertainment options and higher incomes
  • New suburbs are developing to cope with large population - 60% of Mumbai’s population live in slums due to the increase of the large number of migrants from rural areas that can’t afford to live in wealthy suburbs
  • Natural increase plays an important role in the boys population increase because it counts for half of Mumbai’s annual grow
56
Q

Ways investment has changed because of increasing population (MUMBAI CASE STUDY)

A
  • Investment has been greatest in: Manufacturing (Textiles, Food processing & Engineering), Services (Banking, ICT & Call centres), Construction (Housing, Factories & Offices), Entertainment & Leisure (Bollywood, Hotels & Restaurants)
  • All this has put pressure on land in the CBD, making Mumbai one of the world’s most expensive cities
  • Factories are moving out due to high rents and land costs
57
Q

problems caused by population growth in Mumbai

A
  • Employment conditions
    • Transport/ Traffic congestion
    • Tax
    • Air pollution
    • Housing shortages
    • Waste disposal
    • Slum development
    • Water supply
58
Q

why does Mumbai have a tax problem

A
  • There are few tax collectors - it is also impossible to chase tax collections from informal workers
    • The city has set up tax-free zones to attract companies (so the companies also pay no tax)
    • Without income tax Mumbai can’t provide services for the population.
59
Q

what are the main issues facing Mumbai

A
  • housing shortages and slum development
  • water supply and waste disposal
  • dealing with air pollution and traffic
60
Q

housing shortages and slum development negatives (MUMBAI)

A
  • Due to increase in population there is a massive housing shortage.
  • City authorities have no money to build housing.
  • Private companies are put off building because the government limits maximum rents – meaning rental income is reduced (positive for ppl renting)
  • Most residents put up with very poor housing.
  • Many live in cramped, poor quality, expensive rooms, far fromwork.
  • Many residents are forced into slums – over time, they buy scrap materials to build a home.
  • Once people find a space they rarely move on because Mumbai is expensive
61
Q

waste supply and waste disposal + and - (MUMBAI)

A
  • Only better-off suburbs have private water supplies.
  • 60% of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps.
  • In some slums, water only runs for 30 minutes’ day.
  • Rapid urbanisation has also caused uncontrolled water pollution.
  • 800 Million litres of untreated sewage go into the river every day.
    + 80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled.
    + The recycling industry is worth US$1.5 a year and employed 10,000 people.
    + In workshops, small smelters recycle cans, and vats of waste soap from hotels are melted and remoulded into bars
62
Q

dealing with air pollution and traffic + and - (MUMBAI)

A

+ In 2015, an air quality index was introduced to improve air quality in Mumbai.
+ Suggestions for air quality improvements: Using LPG instead of burning coal, Introducing of low benzene petrol, Checking on fuel tampering, Improving public transport, Charging higher road tax on older vehicles
- Traffic congestion is legendary in India with not enough money being spent on roads.
- There are too few suburban train and bus networks to meet demand.
- 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railway each year; most deaths are caused by passengers crossing tracks, sitting on train roofs and being electrocuted by overhead cables, or hanging from doors and windows

63
Q

sustainable development

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations

64
Q

top-down development

A

Schemes that are funded by large companies or decisions that are made by the national government. Local people often don’t get involved in the process.

65
Q

what was vision Mumbai (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)

A
  • In 2003 a report by American firm McKinsey, called ‘Vision Mumbai, suggested investment of US$40 Billion to improve Mumbai
  • It would work as a partnership between government, property companies and investors
  • Completion be by 2050
  • Its overall aim was to improve the quality of live for Mumbai’s citizens
66
Q

What was Vision Mumbai’s main aims (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)

A

demolish slums:
- developers buy slum land for discount prices
improve rail and road transport:
- improve training capacity and safety
- Widen and beautify main roads
improve water, sanitation and health care:
- Build 300 extra public toilets
- Restore 325 ‘green spaces’ that were polluted and used for dumping waste
boost economic growth:
- build high rise blocks for slum dwellers next to shopping malls and officers
-The developers would buy slum land discount price

67
Q

reasons FOR Vision Mumbai (TOP-DOWN CASE STUDY)

A
  • by 2015, 72 new trains were introduced on Mumbai’s railways
  • In 2015 new measures undertaken to improve air quality
  • Piped water and sewage systems were installed in new flats
  • Platforms have been raised to prevent people from falling into gaps between trains and dying
68
Q

reasons AGAINST Vision Mumbai

A
  • rent cost more than the slums
  • New 14 story apartment blocks have split communities
  • Slums are still growing rapidly
  • Many people prefer slum improve (e.g. Piped water) to demolition
  • beaches are still unsafe for recreation
  • Water quality is not improving in Mumbai - there is now increased sewage discharge
  • Small workshops have gone out of business affecting Mumbai’s recycling industry
69
Q

bottom up development

A

Where experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives

70
Q

What was Mumbais top down and bottom up case studies

A

Top down: Vision Mumbai
Bottom-up: Lok Seva Sangham

71
Q

What happens when you’re ill in Mumbai (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)

A
  • Mumbai’s slums are a huge challenge because of: Water quality; Waste disposal; Lack of sanitation
    • Disease spreads easily
    • India has no national health service
    • If you need healthcare you have to pay for it or use insurance.
    • The disease Leprosy is a huge problem. It is a slow developing, contagious, bacterial disease which affects the skin, mucous membrane and nerves. It is treatable and curable
72
Q

What is Lok Seva Sangham (LSS) (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)

A
  • registered charitable institution since 1976
  • Controls the spread of leprosy
  • does: detection of skin disease diseases; dermatology clinics; pharmacies; education of young children (long term)
73
Q

what was the health related work in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)

A
  • 75% of people have been cured of Leprosy
  • in 1980s there was 4000 cases of leprosy by 2007 there was 216
  • They have treated 28,000 people of leprosy
  • LSS has employed full-time medical staff, including three nurses to treat people
74
Q

what was the education in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)

A
  • people are educated on symptoms of leprosy and TB
  • They employ five teachers to survey and detect cases of disease
  • Teachers persuade people treatment is easy - they also carry out checkups on patients
  • LSS work with women to teach them about sanitation
  • they encourage vermiculture (making compost) to recycle waste and can be sold
75
Q

what was the community in LSS (BOTTOM-UP CASE STUDY)

A
  • hold activity such as sewing to aid discussion about diseases and raise money
  • Community group talks about diseases and personal care
  • They use street theatre which uses drama to show disease symptoms
  • DVD’s are played in community groups about healthcare
76
Q

Describe what commercial land use is like and why is it like this?

A

Characteristics of the land use in the city (what is it like)?:
- buildings are higher density
- Mostly in the CBD
- ‘low-rise’ businesses and retail parks on the city edge (the rural to urban fringe)
- Buildings taller than the rest of the city
Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
- land is expensive every bit of land is used (city parks are protected by law
- This is the most successful part of the city (the railway station is there and most roads meet there)
- Planners allow these near main roads for retail customers or staff to reach without going into the city
- Demand for land is greatest

77
Q

Describe what industrial land use is like and why is it like this?

A

Characteristics of the land use in the city (what is it like)?:
- away from the centre, either in the inner city (older 19th century industries) or on the city edge (more recent industries)
- Close to transport links e.g. motorways, railways, ports
Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
- most industries need space so these are away from the CBD -> new industries are built on ‘industrial Estates’ reserved by planners to keep industry separate
- Industries need transport -> older industries relied on canals, rivers, and railways however new industries rely on roads

78
Q

Describe what residential land use is like and why is it like this?

A

Explain how these areas develop (why is it like this)?:
-

79
Q

What is our name city for how land changes across the city

A

Bristol

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