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Geography GCSE > Paper 2 - The UK’s Evolving HUMAN Landscape > Flashcards

Paper 2 - The UK’s Evolving HUMAN Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

population density

A

the average number of people in a given area expressed as people per km2
-> it’s obtained by dividing population by area

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2
Q

urban core

A

an urban area of more than 10,000 people

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3
Q

Why does population density vary throughout the uk

A
  • better job opportunities
    -> people migrate to these cities - spend money on housing, services, goods - this creates more
    jobs, creating the multiplier effect
  • cities merge with towns into conurbations (towns and cities combine)
    -> begin to influence a wider area e.g. the region where people commute to work - people earn money, take it home, spend it locally to boost wider regions economies
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4
Q

how is the population of the UK increasing?

A
  • higher fertility rate of overseas born women (higher fertility rates - religion)
  • wealthier countries usually receive immigrants searching for work and a better lifestyle. (coming to live permanently in a foreign country)
  • Poland and other Eastern European countries joined the EU in 2004. Since that date, many people have moved temporarily or permanently to the UK
  • more women in their 20’s choosing to have children earlier
  • more women at older ages choosing to have more children
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5
Q

immigration

A

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

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6
Q

emigration

A

the activity of leaving one’s own country to set up permanently in another; moving abroad

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7
Q

rural periphery

A

areas away from the urban core

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8
Q

negatives if rural periphery

A
  • travel for jobs - lack of well paid jobs (seasonal jobs) -> lower income
  • lack of services
  • lack of public transport
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9
Q

what is our named rural periphery

A

Allerdale

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10
Q

How do the UK government and the EU make rural peripheries more attractive?

A
  • regional development grants:
    -> most in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales
    -> they include grants and advice to help businesses start up
    -> most are targeted at peripheral areas, but funds are small
    -> investors have to raise 5.5 times the amount of any government grant
  • former EU grants
    -> these are funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU
    average
    -> in 2015, only Cornwall and west and north Wales qualified
  • enterprise zones
    -> UK government offers companies help with startup costs, reduced taxes on profits, and access
    to superfast broadband - most are in urban locations, and are all in England
  • improvements to transport
    -> neither Cornwall, north Wales nor the Scottish Highlands have any motorways
    -> most transport investment is taking place in England’s urban core (e.g. the HS2) -> cuts in
    government budgets have reduced spending on transport elsewhere.
    -> Scotland’s government has invested in a new Borders Railway between Edinburgh and
    Tweedbank, the A9 is to be dual-carriageway between Perth and Inverness
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11
Q

primary production

A

this involves acquiring raw materials. For example, metals and coal have to be mined, oil drilled from the ground, rubber tapped from trees, foodstuffs farmed and fish trawled.

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12
Q

secondary production

A

this is the manufacturing and assembly process. It involves converting raw materials into components, for example, making plastics from oil. It also involves assembling the product, eg building houses, bridges and roads

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13
Q

tertiary production

A

this refers to the commercial services that support the production and distribution process, eg insurance, transport, advertising, warehousing and other services such as teaching and health care

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14
Q

what is the reasons for the change in employment sectors

A
  • Industrial Revolution
  • coal decline (cheaper to get it from foreign country)
    -> cheap labour overseas
  • advancement in technology
    -rural to urban migration - higher earning jobs in the city
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15
Q

what do rural periphery’s consist of

A
  • low pop. density
  • older populations
    -> popular places for retirement
  • lower incomes
    -> many jobs are low wage - jobs are seasonal
  • high transport costs
    -> no public transport so must have car
  • out migration of younger ppl
    -> faced with fewer opportunities for uni and employment
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16
Q

rural

A

countryside rather than town

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17
Q

what caused decline of the UK economy

A
  • the number of people working in the UK’s primary sector has shrunk to less than 2% of the total workforce
  • the decline started about 250 years ago at the beginning of the industrial revolution
  • in1913 1 million people were employed in the coal mining industry, by 2007 only 5500 were employed
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18
Q

what place are we looking at for the decline of old economy

A

Dinnington

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19
Q

Why did the old economy decline - what’s next?

A
  • jobs there were based on primary employment
  • primary employment fell and so did secondary empolyment
  • however tertiary/quaternary sector increased
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20
Q

Why did Dinnington Decline

A
  • Dinnington was based on primary sector employment
  • it’s colliery closed - mine jobs were closed
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21
Q

What is happening with Dinnington now?

A
  • Most people now have to commute, instead of working locally.
  • colliery site is now a large business park, which created 1700 new jobs between 1998 and 2008
  • Most companies there are tertiary (services), such as home delivery, or sales
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22
Q

What place are we looking at for rise of new economy

A

London dockyards

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23
Q

new economy

A

refers to the growth in tertiary sector since the 1980s

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24
Q

quaternary sector

A

knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g. financial banking

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25
Q

knowledge economy

A

an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill - jobs require degrees and specialised training

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26
Q

London dockyards before

A
  • during 1950s London’s port was the busiest in the world, however even before the 1950s, the area was starting to lose trade
  • this was due to ships getting to big for the Thames therefore they cannot continue trading - this lead to the multiplier effect - due to the lack of trading people lost their jobs - this meant they
    had to leave the area - therefore the docklands when in to decline
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27
Q

London dock lands after

A
  • Regeneration started in the 1981 when the Docklands was deserted and polluted and a major eyesore.
  • The project was called LDDC – London Dockland Development Corporation)
  • their aim was to turn it in to a major business district
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28
Q

free trade

A

the free flow of goods and services without tariffs

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29
Q

foreign direct investment (FDI)

A

to invest anywhere with unrestricted flows of capital (money)

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30
Q

TNC’S

A

Transnational Corporations or huge foreign companies
-> free flow of goods and services between countries without tariffs
-> they have availability to locate in countries with low labour cost and can employ people from all over the world

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31
Q

privatisation

A

changes of ownership of services from public sector to private sector

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32
Q

4 ways the world has become more globalised

A
  • free trade
  • FDI
  • TNC’S
  • privatisation
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33
Q

what 3 foreign companies moved to the UK (sector of employment) - TNCS

A
  • Toyota (secondary)
  • EDF energy (tertiary)
  • Microsoft (quaternary)
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34
Q

site

A

Physical land on which a settlement is built

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35
Q

situation

A

Location of a place in relation to other places and it surroundings

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36
Q

London situation features

A
  • Close to Europe, London could trade there by quickly.
  • London has a large population, economy and
    port
  • Internationally, London’s time zone helps its
    economic growth today by being able to trade
    with Asia (5-7 hours ahead), Australia (8-11
    hours ahead), and later in the same day with
    New York (5 hours behind)
37
Q

differences in the growth between ‘new economy’ and ‘knowledge economy’

A

new economy (e.g. London Canary Warf):
- contains tertiary and quaternary sector
- high salary
- examples: jobs with delivery firms, in retail parks or shopping centres
- located: outskirts of towns for cheaper land
knowledge economy (e.g. Dinnington):
- contains just quaternary sector and requires specialised training
- occurred because of decline in primary snd secondary sector
- low salary
- examples: jobs in global banking or law
- located: where there are highly skilled educated staff, good IT and broadband

38
Q

London’s CBD

A
  • building age: oldest part of the city
  • building density: densest part of the city
  • land use: consists of banks and offices, tallest buildings
  • environmental quality: in spite of dentin, EQ benefits from its royal parks but also has UK’s worst air quality -> caused by traffic
39
Q

Londons wealthy inner suburbs

A
  • building age: Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century)
  • building density: denses
  • land use: housing
  • environmental quality: better EQ
40
Q

Londons poorer inner suburbs

A
  • building age: Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century)
  • building density: highly dense housing
  • land use: older factories, newer flats
  • environmental quality: worse than wealthy inner suburbs as more run down
41
Q

Londons outer suburbs

A
  • building age: late 20th century
  • building density: low
  • land use: forests, mainly housing - every house has garden
  • environmental quality: good due to forests
42
Q

skilled workers

A

Take up well paid jobs in ‘Knowledge economy’. Tend to be white, highly qualified professionals

43
Q

unskilled workers

A

also find work easy to get; do jobs unwanted by the UK workers e.g. waitressing, cleaners, pizza delivery

44
Q

Ethnic segregation

A

When people of a particular ethnic group
chose to live with others from the same ethnic group

45
Q

Londons international connectivity

A
  • has 2nd biggest international airport (Heathrow)
    -Eurostar - brings European major cities within a few hours travel of London
  • diverse city with wide cultural connection
46
Q

Londons national connectivity

A
  • fast rail services which link major UK cities
  • future travel times will be quicker with HS2
  • A1 and M1 roads lewd to the N of UK
47
Q

Londons regional connectivity

A
  • a radial network - roads converge into London like I spoke to a wheel
48
Q

Newham

A
  • ethnicity: One of London’s most diverse boroughs - 30% white, 26% black Caribbean and African, 39% Asian (mainly India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).
  • income: low income
  • housing: Mostly rented. 32% own their property, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
  • services: Schools under pressure caused by high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38% of children living in poverty.
  • culture: Mainly Asian with several temples, mosques, and African Anglican churches. Many Asian food shops and small businesses.
49
Q

Lambeth

A
  • ethnicity: Diverse (38% born outside UK from 152 countries). Black 25%, white 55%, small Asian population (8%).
  • income: average
  • housing: 44% own their property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing.
  • services: 81% of children in schools from ethnic backgrounds. 140 languages spoken in Lambeth schools; English is a second language for half of school students.
  • culture: Varies, from black Caribbean culture (Caribbean food market stalls and restaurants in Brixton) to white middle class.
50
Q

Richmond upon Thames

A
  • ethnicity: One of the least diverse boroughs in London - 85% white, 7% Asian or Asian British. But many residents born overseas - USA, EU.
  • income: Very high income area - 69% have professional or managerial occupations. Average income £41 000 - almost double UK average.
  • housing: Stable area where affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
  • services: Less pressure on schools with fewer children, but has higher than average percentage in care homes.
  • culture: Predominantly white middle class.
51
Q

deprivation

A

the lack of access to goods and services needed
to live a good quality of life

52
Q

7 domains of deprivation

A
  • income
  • employment
  • education
  • health
  • crime
  • barriers to housing & services
  • living environment
53
Q

which is the most deprived borough (2 reasons)

A

Newham:
- poor healthcare services in Newham
- education levels are higher in Richmond

54
Q

deindustrialisation

A

Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to employment.

55
Q

depopulation

A

The decline of the total population of an area.

56
Q

decentralisation

A

Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD to new areas.

57
Q

suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs

58
Q

what does decentralisation lead to:

A
  • out of parks shopping centres
  • retail parks
  • business parks
59
Q

how did London face deindustrialisation

A

to attract people back, two shopping centres have been developed in inner Londons by Australian company Westfield
- one is at Stratford - Europes largest shopping centre - easily accessible
- second is at Shepard’s Bush - close to M40

60
Q

green field site

A

An area of countryside or open space that has not yet been built on

61
Q

brownfield site

A

An area of disused and derelict land in an urban area that is available for redevelopment

62
Q

four factors that caused Londons re-urbanisation

A
  • space - closure of London’s docks and industries created space for redevelopment
  • investment - Investment by large TNCs created jobs in financial and business services in London’s Docklands
  • gentrification -
  • studentification
63
Q

studentification

A

the process by which specific neighborhoods become dominated by students

64
Q

gentrification

A

a process where wealthy, college-educated individuals begin to move into poor or working-class communities, often originally occupied by communities of colour

65
Q

regeneration

A

redeveloping former industrial areas or housing to improve them

66
Q

reasons why London has expanded

A
  • counter-urbanisation
  • suburbanisation
  • family size has fallen
  • increase in divorce and later marriage - increase number of homes
67
Q

why did east London need regeneration (Queen Elizabeth Park)

A

they had a low population of suffering from the industrialisation and low employment rate

68
Q

counter-urbanisation

A

the process by which people migrate from urban to rural communities (surrounding areas)

69
Q

suburbanisation

A

a population shift from historic core cities or rural areas into suburbs

70
Q

What were the benefits did the Olympic Park bring?

A
  • 2800 new homes accommodate housing crisis in London
  • introduce the schools health facilities
  • additional transport links
  • road improvements
  • £12 investment into the area
71
Q

Rebranding

A

To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old

72
Q

+ and - of regeneration of brownfield site

A
  • land has cleared of any existing structures - this cost money
  • More homes in the town of city means traffic jams will get worse
    + overall cheaper to build as less preparation needs to be done - therefore the house is cheaper
    + infrastructure around the area usually exists saving money
    + easier to get planning permission
    + make the area look better
    + making good use of waste ground
73
Q

+ and - of regeneration of greenfield site

A
  • It may mean more traffic on country roads
  • New major roads will need to be built to allow access.
  • It will drive wildlife away
  • Less peace in the countryside
  • More of the countryside gets covered in concrete this leads to the town growing out
  • More infrastructure such as shops and schools may need to be built for the people who moved
  • Trees will have to be cut down
    + There is nothing to clear on the land.
    + more space for larger gardens
74
Q

What were the impacts after the regeneration of the Queen Elizabeth Park?

A

+ New public open spaces
+ 890 new homes built and sold - houses are expensive so rich overseas investors buy them but leave it vacant -> reducing London’s housing stock
+ Training for people to get qualifications to jobs
+ New facilities e.g. libraries, health centres
+ Helping people in schools get better exam results
+ Spending on infrastructure e.g. East London underground link - makes London accessible
+ CCTV cameras help reduce crime by 40%
+ New shops including national chain stores
+ Bus routes have been expanded
- population growth was increasing forces and houses were being built

75
Q

How did London become so expensive?

A

London became an attractive city with a growing economy which created more jobs -> this meant a demand for housing offices increased -> this demand for housing made it more expensive to buy or rent -> this means companies had to pay more to keep people living and working in London -> so the price of a restaurant meal or coffee rises as people earn more -> this means the cost of living in London is a lot

76
Q

Sustainable living

A

where a resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment for present generations, but also for generations to come

77
Q

London six main problems

A
  • Waste - only 34% of London’s wasted is recycled
  • Transport - car is not the answer - more public transport
  • affordable housing - cheaper housing outside London
  • Energy efficiency - new houses need to be built to run on renewable housing
  • Employment - can more people work from home
  • Green space - needed to be protected
78
Q

Where is bedZED?

A

South London

79
Q

How many homes does bedZED have

A

82 homes and 1,405 square metres of work space

80
Q

Transportation in bedZED

A

People were encouraged to car share. - There are onsite vehicles for resident use

81
Q

design principles of bedZED

A
  • Zero Energy – Only renewable energy to be used at the site.
  • Water Efficient – rain water is collected and reused
  • Thick walls for insulation
  • Facing south to maximum sunlight
82
Q

how were the local Authority involved in bedZED

A

They sold the land at below market value to make he development viable

83
Q

problems w bedZED

A
  • The biomass wood chip boiler no longer in operation due to issues.
  • The water recycling facility had been unable to clean the water sufficiently
84
Q

What was London sustainable development?

A

bedZED

85
Q

what did London do about its main problems (+ or -, impacts)

A

+ Transport: London introduced the congestion charge in 2003. This has seen an 6% increase in bus passengers. In 2012 all new London buses have been hybrid -> env impact as this leads to less carbon emissions
+ Energy Efficient Housing: BedZED homes use 81%less energy for heating, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than an average British home -> env impact as its a more sustainable way of living
+ Recycling: By 2020 London aims to reduce household waste by 10%. One third of fuel used to heat the Olympic park is household waste
- Employment: Many companies and organisations are encouraging people to work at home 1-2 days a week. However, this clearly has limits e.g. doctors cant work from home and still only 1 in 12 work at home
- Affordable Housing: East village in Stratford is 50% is affordable housing. However to qualify for this you still have to have a salary of £60,000. Minimum wage workers lose out. -> soc/eco impact as ppl would be able to live in London without having to commute and spend money
- green spaces: Green Spaces: Housing demand in london means that many people question whether london green belt can survive. Since 1945 750,000 hectares of farmland has been lost -> soc/env/eco impact - formed loose income, less rural scenery

86
Q

life in Terling

A
  • Only takes 45 mins to get to London
  • The A12 links London and Terling
  • It has a church and village green
  • It also has a local cricket team, a pub and a post office
87
Q

problems with living in Terling

A
  • The shop in the area is struggling to stay open – people increasingly shop online or in nearby large supermarkets
  • The doctors is only open for 5 hours per week – the NHS cannot afford smaller surgeries
  • The post office is under threat of closure – government cuts are leading to many closing nationally
  • The pub is very quiet and people rarely go there – drinks are cheaper from the super market
88
Q

Explain the pressures that accessible rural areas (Devon) experience from economic and social change

A
  • House prices have exploded
  • Lack of housing and area is pushing locals houses
  • People have brought £74 million a year to area this could increase their economy however this can make living there more expensive than local residents
  • Population in area has almost doubled in the last two years the infrastructure may will be able to cope with this

Geography GCSE (8 decks)

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