Paper 2 - The UK’s Evolving HUMAN Landscape Flashcards
population density (how do you work it out)
the average number of people in a given area expressed as people per km2
-> it’s obtained by dividing population by area
urban core
an urban area of more than 10,000 people
Why does population density vary throughout the uk
- better job opportunities
-> people migrate to these cities - spend money on housing, services, goods - this creates more
jobs, creating the multiplier effect - cities merge with towns into conurbations (towns and cities combine)
-> begin to influence a wider area e.g. the region where people commute to work - people earn money, take it home, spend it locally to boost wider regions economies
how is the population of the UK increasing?
- higher fertility rate of overseas born women (higher fertility rates - religion)
- wealthier countries usually receive immigrants searching for work and a better lifestyle. (coming to live permanently in a foreign country)
- Poland and other Eastern European countries joined the EU in 2004. Since that date, many people have moved temporarily or permanently to the UK
- more women in their 20’s choosing to have children earlier
- more women at older ages choosing to have more children
immigration
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
emigration
the activity of leaving one’s own country to set up permanently in another; moving abroad
rural periphery
areas away from the urban core
negatives if rural periphery
- travel for jobs - lack of well paid jobs (seasonal jobs) -> lower income
- lack of services
- lack of public transport
what is our named rural periphery
Allerdale
How do the UK government and the EU make rural peripheries more attractive?
- regional development grants:
-> most in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales
-> they include grants and advice to help businesses start up
-> most are targeted at peripheral areas, but funds are small
-> investors have to raise 5.5 times the amount of any government grant - former EU grants
-> these are funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU
average
-> in 2015, only Cornwall and west and north Wales qualified - enterprise zones
-> UK government offers companies help with startup costs, reduced taxes on profits, and access
to superfast broadband - most are in urban locations, and are all in England - improvements to transport
-> neither Cornwall, north Wales nor the Scottish Highlands have any motorways
-> most transport investment is taking place in England’s urban core (e.g. the HS2) -> cuts in
government budgets have reduced spending on transport elsewhere.
-> Scotland’s government has invested in a new Borders Railway between Edinburgh and
Tweedbank, the A9 is to be dual-carriageway between Perth and Inverness
primary production
this involves acquiring raw materials. For example, metals and coal have to be mined, oil drilled from the ground, rubber tapped from trees, foodstuffs farmed and fish trawled.
secondary production
this is the manufacturing and assembly process. It involves converting raw materials into components, for example, making plastics from oil. It also involves assembling the product, eg building houses, bridges and roads
tertiary production
this refers to the commercial services that support the production and distribution process, eg insurance, transport, advertising, warehousing and other services such as teaching and health care
what is the reasons for the change in employment sectors
- Industrial Revolution
- coal decline (cheaper to get it from foreign country)
-> cheap labour overseas - advancement in technology
-rural to urban migration - higher earning jobs in the city
what do rural periphery’s consist of
- low pop. density
- older populations
-> popular places for retirement - lower incomes
-> many jobs are low wage - jobs are seasonal - high transport costs
-> no public transport so must have car - out migration of younger ppl
-> faced with fewer opportunities for uni and employment
rural
countryside rather than town
what caused decline of the UK economy
- the number of people working in the UK’s primary sector has shrunk to less than 2% of the total workforce
- the decline started about 250 years ago at the beginning of the industrial revolution
- in1913 1 million people were employed in the coal mining industry, by 2007 only 5500 were employed
what place are we looking at for the decline of old economy
Dinnington
Why did the old economy decline - what’s next?
- jobs there were based on primary employment
- primary employment fell and so did secondary empolyment
- however tertiary/quaternary sector increased
Why did Dinnington Decline
- Dinnington was based on primary sector employment
- it’s colliery closed - mine jobs were closed
What is happening with Dinnington now?
- Most people now have to commute, instead of working locally.
- colliery site is now a large business park, which created 1700 new jobs between 1998 and 2008
- Most companies there are tertiary (services), such as home delivery, or sales
What place are we looking at for rise of new economy
London dockyards
new economy
refers to the growth in tertiary sector since the 1980s
quaternary sector
knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g. financial banking
knowledge economy
an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill - jobs require degrees and specialised training
London dockyards before
- during 1950s London’s port was the busiest in the world, however even before the 1950s, the area was starting to lose trade
- this was due to ships getting to big for the Thames therefore they cannot continue trading - this lead to the multiplier effect - due to the lack of trading people lost their jobs - this meant they
had to leave the area - therefore the docklands when in to decline
London dock lands after
- Regeneration started in the 1981 when the Docklands was deserted and polluted and a major eyesore.
- The project was called LDDC – London Dockland Development Corporation)
- their aim was to turn it in to a major business district
free trade
the free flow of goods and services without tariffs
foreign direct investment (FDI)
to invest anywhere with unrestricted flows of capital (money)
TNC’S
Transnational Corporations or huge foreign companies
-> free flow of goods and services between countries without tariffs
-> they have availability to locate in countries with low labour cost and can employ people from all over the world
privatisation
changes of ownership of services from public sector to private sector
4 ways the world has become more globalised
- free trade
- FDI
- TNC’S
- privatisation
what 3 foreign companies moved to the UK (sector of employment) - TNCS
- Toyota (secondary)
- EDF energy (tertiary)
- Microsoft (quaternary)
site
Physical land on which a settlement is built
situation
Location of a place in relation to other places and it surroundings
London situation features
- Close to Europe, London could trade there by quickly.
- London has a large population, economy and
port - Internationally, London’s time zone helps its
economic growth today by being able to trade
with Asia (5-7 hours ahead), Australia (8-11
hours ahead), and later in the same day with
New York (5 hours behind)
differences in the growth between ‘new economy’ and ‘knowledge economy’
new economy (e.g. London Canary Warf):
- contains tertiary and quaternary sector
- high salary
- examples: jobs with delivery firms, in retail parks or shopping centres
- located: outskirts of towns for cheaper land
knowledge economy (e.g. Dinnington):
- contains just quaternary sector and requires specialised training
- occurred because of decline in primary snd secondary sector
- low salary
- examples: jobs in global banking or law
- located: where there are highly skilled educated staff, good IT and broadband
London’s CBD
- building age: oldest part of the city
- building density: densest part of the city
- land use: consists of banks and offices, tallest buildings
- environmental quality: in spite of dentin, EQ benefits from its royal parks but also has UK’s worst air quality -> caused by traffic
Londons wealthy inner suburbs
- building age: Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century)
- building density: denses
- land use: housing
- environmental quality: better EQ
Londons poorer inner suburbs
- building age: Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century)
- building density: highly dense housing
- land use: older factories, newer flats
- environmental quality: worse than wealthy inner suburbs as more run down
Londons outer suburbs
- building age: late 20th century
- building density: low
- land use: forests, mainly housing - every house has garden
- environmental quality: good due to forests
skilled workers
Take up well paid jobs in ‘Knowledge economy’. Tend to be white, highly qualified professionals
unskilled workers
also find work easy to get; do jobs unwanted by the UK workers e.g. waitressing, cleaners, pizza delivery
Ethnic segregation
When people of a particular ethnic group
chose to live with others from the same ethnic group
Londons international connectivity
- has 2nd biggest international airport (Heathrow)
-Eurostar - brings European major cities within a few hours travel of London - diverse city with wide cultural connection
Londons national connectivity
- fast rail services which link major UK cities
- future travel times will be quicker with HS2
- A1 and M1 roads lewd to the N of UK
Londons regional connectivity
- a radial network - roads converge into London like I spoke to a wheel
Newham
- ethnicity: One of London’s most diverse boroughs - 30% white, 26% black Caribbean and African, 39% Asian (mainly India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).
- income: low income
- housing: Mostly rented. 32% own their property, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
- services: Schools under pressure caused by high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38% of children living in poverty.
- culture: Mainly Asian with several temples, mosques, and African Anglican churches. Many Asian food shops and small businesses.
Lambeth
- ethnicity: Diverse (38% born outside UK from 152 countries). Black 25%, white 55%, small Asian population (8%).
- income: average
- housing: 44% own their property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing.
- services: 81% of children in schools from ethnic backgrounds. 140 languages spoken in Lambeth schools; English is a second language for half of school students.
- culture: Varies, from black Caribbean culture (Caribbean food market stalls and restaurants in Brixton) to white middle class.
Richmond upon Thames
- ethnicity: One of the least diverse boroughs in London - 85% white, 7% Asian or Asian British. But many residents born overseas - USA, EU.
- income: Very high income area - 69% have professional or managerial occupations. Average income £41 000 - almost double UK average.
- housing: Stable area where affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
- services: Less pressure on schools with fewer children, but has higher than average percentage in care homes.
- culture: Predominantly white middle class.
deprivation
the lack of access to goods and services needed
to live a good quality of life
7 domains of deprivation
- income
- employment
- education
- health
- crime
- barriers to housing & services
- living environment
which is the most deprived borough (2 reasons)
Newham:
- poor healthcare services in Newham
- education levels are higher in Richmond
deindustrialisation
Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to employment.
depopulation
The decline of the total population of an area.
decentralisation
Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD to new areas.
suburbanisation
The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs
what does decentralisation lead to:
- out of parks shopping centres
- retail parks
- business parks
how did London face deindustrialisation
to attract people back, two shopping centres have been developed in inner Londons by Australian company Westfield
- one is at Stratford - Europes largest shopping centre - easily accessible
- second is at Shepard’s Bush - close to M40
green field site
An area of countryside or open space that has not yet been built on
brownfield site
An area of disused and derelict land in an urban area that is available for redevelopment
four factors that caused Londons re-urbanisation
- space - closure of London’s docks and industries created space for redevelopment
- investment - Investment by large TNCs created jobs in financial and business services in London’s Docklands
- gentrification -
- studentification
studentification
the process by which specific neighborhoods become dominated by students
gentrification
a process where wealthy, college-educated individuals begin to move into poor or working-class communities, often originally occupied by communities of colour
regeneration
redeveloping former industrial areas or housing to improve them
reasons why London has expanded
- counter-urbanisation
- suburbanisation
- family size has fallen
- increase in divorce and later marriage - increase number of homes
why did east London need regeneration (Queen Elizabeth Park)
they had a low population of suffering from the industrialisation and low employment rate
counter-urbanisation
the process by which people migrate from urban to rural communities (surrounding areas)
suburbanisation
a population shift from historic core cities or rural areas into suburbs
What were the benefits did the Olympic Park bring?
- 2800 new homes accommodate housing crisis in London
- introduce the schools health facilities
- additional transport links
- road improvements
- £12 investment into the area
Rebranding
To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old
+ and - of regeneration of brownfield site
- land has cleared of any existing structures - this cost money
- More homes in the town of city means traffic jams will get worse
+ overall cheaper to build as less preparation needs to be done - therefore the house is cheaper
+ infrastructure around the area usually exists saving money
+ easier to get planning permission
+ make the area look better
+ making good use of waste ground
+ and - of regeneration of greenfield site
- It may mean more traffic on country roads
- New major roads will need to be built to allow access.
- It will drive wildlife away
- Less peace in the countryside
- More of the countryside gets covered in concrete this leads to the town growing out
- More infrastructure such as shops and schools may need to be built for the people who moved
- Trees will have to be cut down
+ There is nothing to clear on the land.
+ more space for larger gardens
What were the impacts after the regeneration of the Queen Elizabeth Park?
+ New public open spaces
+ 890 new homes built and sold - houses are expensive so rich overseas investors buy them but leave it vacant -> reducing London’s housing stock
+ Training for people to get qualifications to jobs
+ New facilities e.g. libraries, health centres
+ Helping people in schools get better exam results
+ Spending on infrastructure e.g. East London underground link - makes London accessible
+ CCTV cameras help reduce crime by 40%
+ New shops including national chain stores
+ Bus routes have been expanded
- population growth was increasing forces and houses were being built
How did London become so expensive?
London became an attractive city with a growing economy which created more jobs -> this meant a demand for housing offices increased -> this demand for housing made it more expensive to buy or rent -> this means companies had to pay more to keep people living and working in London -> so the price of a restaurant meal or coffee rises as people earn more -> this means the cost of living in London is a lot
Sustainable living
where a resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment for present generations, but also for generations to come
London six main problems
- Waste - only 34% of London’s wasted is recycled
- Transport - car is not the answer - more public transport
- affordable housing - cheaper housing outside London
- Energy efficiency - new houses need to be built to run on renewable housing
- Employment - can more people work from home
- Green space - needed to be protected
Where is bedZED?
South London
How many homes does bedZED have
82 homes and 1,405 square metres of work space
Transportation in bedZED
People were encouraged to car share. - There are onsite vehicles for resident use
design principles of bedZED
- Zero Energy – Only renewable energy to be used at the site.
- Water Efficient – rain water is collected and reused
- Thick walls for insulation
- Facing south to maximum sunlight
how were the local Authority involved in bedZED
They sold the land at below market value to make he development viable
problems w bedZED
- The biomass wood chip boiler no longer in operation due to issues.
- The water recycling facility had been unable to clean the water sufficiently
What was London sustainable development?
bedZED
what did London do about its main problems (+ or -, impacts)
+ Transport: London introduced the congestion charge in 2003. This has seen an 6% increase in bus passengers. In 2012 all new London buses have been hybrid -> env impact as this leads to less carbon emissions
+ Energy Efficient Housing: BedZED homes use 81%less energy for heating, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than an average British home -> env impact as its a more sustainable way of living
+ Recycling: By 2020 London aims to reduce household waste by 10%. One third of fuel used to heat the Olympic park is household waste
- Employment: Many companies and organisations are encouraging people to work at home 1-2 days a week. However, this clearly has limits e.g. doctors cant work from home and still only 1 in 12 work at home
- Affordable Housing: East village in Stratford is 50% is affordable housing. However to qualify for this you still have to have a salary of £60,000. Minimum wage workers lose out. -> soc/eco impact as ppl would be able to live in London without having to commute and spend money
- green spaces: Green Spaces: Housing demand in london means that many people question whether london green belt can survive. Since 1945 750,000 hectares of farmland has been lost -> soc/env/eco impact - formed loose income, less rural scenery
life in Terling
- Only takes 45 mins to get to London
- The A12 links London and Terling
- It has a church and village green
- It also has a local cricket team, a pub and a post office
problems with living in Terling
- The shop in the area is struggling to stay open – people increasingly shop online or in nearby large supermarkets
- The doctors is only open for 5 hours per week – the NHS cannot afford smaller surgeries
- The post office is under threat of closure – government cuts are leading to many closing nationally
- The pub is very quiet and people rarely go there – drinks are cheaper from the super market
Explain the pressures that accessible rural areas (Devon) experience from economic and social change
- House prices have exploded
- Lack of housing and area is pushing locals houses
- People have brought £74 million a year to area this could increase their economy however this can make living there more expensive than local residents
- Population in area has almost doubled in the last two years the infrastructure may will be able to cope with this
