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Geography GCSE > Paper 1 - Hazardous Earth (Techtonics) > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Hazardous Earth (Techtonics) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of crusts

A

oceanic and continental

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2
Q

continental crust facts

A
  • made of thick granite
  • low density
  • forms over the land
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3
Q

oceanic crust facts

A
  • under the oceans
  • made of basalt
  • high density
  • 6-8km deep (thin)
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4
Q

lithosphere

A

uppermost layer of the earth - it includes the top of the mantle and the crust
—> it is cool and brittle

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5
Q

asthenosphere

A

part of the earth’s mantle below lithosphere
—> it is hot, semi-molten layer

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6
Q

techtonic plates

A

the earth’s surface is broken into large pieces

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7
Q

layers of the earth

A
  • crust
  • mantle
  • outer core
  • inner core
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8
Q

convection current

A

this occurs in the mantle and is the rising, spread, and sinking of magma

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9
Q

how do plates move - convection current

A
  • hot air rises
  • it looses heat and cools down
  • it sinks back down to be reheated
  • the magma and crust create friction which causes the plates to move
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10
Q

continental drift

A

250 million years ago, the land masses of earth were clustered into one super continent called Pangea, as millions of years passed, Pangea broke apart and large pieces of land slowly moved away into the continents as we know them today

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11
Q

pieces of evidence for continental drift

A
  • the Meosuarus
  • continental jigsaw
  • coal deposits
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12
Q

what types of crusts are found at divergent plate boundaries

A
  • oceanic
  • oceanic
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13
Q

what types of crusts are found at convergent plate boundaries

A
  • oceanic
  • continental
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14
Q

what types of crusts are found at collision plate boundaries

A
  • continental
  • continental
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15
Q

what types of crusts are found at conservative plate boundaries

A
  • continental
  • continental
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16
Q

types of plate boundaries

A
  • divergent
  • convergent
  • collision
  • conservative
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17
Q

movement of divergent plate boundaries

A

<— —> (plates move apart)

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18
Q

movement of convergent plate boundaries

A

one plate subducts under the other

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19
Q

movement of collision plate boundaries

A

—> <— (plates collide)

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20
Q

movement of conservative plate boundaries

A

plates slide past each other

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21
Q

hotspot volcano

A

an area of the Earth’s mantle from which hot plumes rise upward, forming volcanoes on the overlying crust

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22
Q

how to earthquakes happen

A

caused by the movement of tectonic plates found at fault lines (tectonic plate boundaries); energy is built up at fault lines

23
Q

what are the two case studies

A
  • earthquake Hatu
  • earthquake Japan
24
Q

seismic waves

A

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake (the earthquakes energy being released)

25
Q

earthquakes magnitude

A

the amount of energy the earthquake releases

26
Q

richer scale

A

the scale that rates an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves

27
Q

composite volcano

A
  • a tall volcano made up of lava and ash
  • has violent eruptions
  • lava is thick and moves slowly
  • less frequent
28
Q

shield volcano

A
  • a small wide volcano
  • not as violent eruptions
  • lava is thin and runny and moved quickly
  • more frequent
29
Q

hotspot

A

A place in the centre of a plate where magma rises; this causes the lithosphere to melt and magma pushes through the cross the form volcanoes

30
Q

crater

A

Opening at the top of volcano

31
Q

magma chamber

A

Store of hot molten rock beneath the volcano

32
Q

layers of ash and lava

A

Build up overtime to form sides of volcano

33
Q

main vent

A

The tunnel in which magma rises to the top of the volcano secondary

34
Q

secondary vent and cone

A

Allows magma to escape from the side of the volcano

35
Q

Volcanic cloud

A

gas, steam and ash escaping from the volcano

36
Q

volcanic bombs

A

Large pieces of rock ejected from the volcano

37
Q

volcanic explosivity index

A

the measure of the destructive power of a volcano in the scale 1 to 8 (1 = non explosive, 8 = largest)

38
Q

volcanic explosivity index

A

the measure of the destructive power of a volcano in the scale 1 to 8 (1 = non explosive, 8 = largest)

39
Q

epicentre

A

The point on the Earth surface above the focus

40
Q

focus

A

The point inside the crust where the pressure is released

41
Q

seismometer

A

It’s measure and records seismic waves

42
Q

continental jigsaw

A

continents match up like a jigsaw implying they were once connected

43
Q

case of the mesosaurus

A
  • fossil remains of the mesosaurus in South America and South Africa
  • the mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile so it couldn’t of swam overseas so the countries had to be close together
44
Q

coal deposits

A
  • Alfred Wegner loaded the unusual deposits of coal in the South Polar regions
  • The fossils of tropical plants in the form of cold deposits were found in Antarctica
  • This led to the theory that this landmass was previously much closer to the equator where the climate is warmer and the lush vegetation could flourish
45
Q

What tectonic activity do you find at divergent plate boundaries?

A
  • As the plates move apart magma below escape from the mantle - this causes volcanoes
46
Q

what tectonic activity do you find at convergent/destructive plate boundaries?

A

the denser oceanic crust is forced under the continental plate but the continental plate cannot be destroyed so it’s forced to make fold mountains - the oceanic plate melts this caused the magma to rise the surface through the fold mountains creating volcanoes.

47
Q

what tectonic activity do you find at collision plate boundaries?

A

Big earthquakes, because there’s a massive buildup of friction and pressure

48
Q

what tectonic activity will we find at conservative plate bound

A

earthquakes due to huge buildup of pressure between a two plates

49
Q

what’s an example of a composite volcano

A

mount pinatubo

50
Q

whats an example of a shield volcano

A

queen mary’s peak

51
Q

what plate boundaries are composite volcanos found at

A

convergent

52
Q

what plate boundary are shield volcanos found at

53
Q

how does a tsunami form

A

1) destructive plate movement causes an earthquake
2) sea above the earthquake is forced upwards
3) sea movement causes tsunami
4) seismic waves spread quickly outwards
5) waves crash onto shore

Geography GCSE (10 decks)

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