Paper 1 - Hazardous Earth (Techtonics)

Question 1

what are the 2 types of crusts

Answer 1

oceanic and continental

Question 2

continental crust facts

Answer 2

• made of thick granite
• low density
• forms over the land

Question 3

oceanic crust facts

Answer 3

• under the oceans
• made of basalt
• high density
• 6-8km deep (thin)

Question 4

lithosphere

Answer 4

uppermost layer of the earth - it includes the top of the mantle and the crust
—> it is cool and brittle

Question 5

asthenosphere

Answer 5

part of the earth’s mantle below lithosphere
—> it is hot, semi-molten layer

Question 6

techtonic plates

Answer 6

the earth’s surface is broken into large pieces

Question 7

layers of the earth

Answer 7

• crust
• mantle
• outer core
• inner core

Question 8

convection current

Answer 8

this occurs in the mantle and is the rising, spread, and sinking of magma

Question 9

how do plates move - convection current

Answer 9

• hot air rises
• it looses heat and cools down
• it sinks back down to be reheated
• the magma and crust create friction which causes the plates to move

Question 10

continental drift

Answer 10

250 million years ago, the land masses of earth were clustered into one super continent called Pangea, as millions of years passed, Pangea broke apart and large pieces of land slowly moved away into the continents as we know them today

Question 11

pieces of evidence for continental drift

Answer 11

• the Meosuarus
• continental jigsaw
• coal deposits

Question 12

what types of crusts are found at divergent plate boundaries

Answer 12

• oceanic
• oceanic

Question 13

what types of crusts are found at convergent plate boundaries

Answer 13

• oceanic
• continental

Question 14

what types of crusts are found at collision plate boundaries

Answer 14

• continental
• continental

Question 15

what types of crusts are found at conservative plate boundaries

Answer 15

• continental
• continental

Question 16

types of plate boundaries

Answer 16

• divergent
• convergent
• collision
• conservative

Question 17

movement of divergent plate boundaries

Answer 17

<— —> (plates move apart)

Question 18

movement of convergent plate boundaries

Answer 18

one plate subducts under the other

Question 19

movement of collision plate boundaries

Answer 19

—> <— (plates collide)

Question 20

movement of conservative plate boundaries

Answer 20

plates slide past each other

Question 21

hotspot volcano

Answer 21

an area of the Earth’s mantle from which hot plumes rise upward, forming volcanoes on the overlying crust

Question 22

how to earthquakes happen

Answer 22

caused by the movement of tectonic plates found at fault lines (tectonic plate boundaries); energy is built up at fault lines

Question 23

what are the two case studies

Answer 23

• earthquake Hatu
• earthquake Japan

Question 24

seismic waves

Answer 24

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake (the earthquakes energy being released)

Question 25

earthquakes magnitude

Answer 25

the amount of energy the earthquake releases

Question 26

richer scale

Answer 26

the scale that rates an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves

Question 27

composite volcano

Answer 27

- a tall volcano made up of lava and ash - has violent eruptions - lava is thick and moves slowly - less frequent

Question 28

shield volcano

Answer 28

- a small wide volcano - not as violent eruptions - lava is thin and runny and moved quickly - more frequent

Question 29

hotspot

Answer 29

A place in the centre of a plate where magma rises; this causes the lithosphere to melt and magma pushes through the cross the form volcanoes

Question 30

crater

Answer 30

Opening at the top of volcano

Question 31

magma chamber

Answer 31

Store of hot molten rock beneath the volcano

Question 32

layers of ash and lava

Answer 32

Build up overtime to form sides of volcano

Question 33

main vent

Answer 33

The tunnel in which magma rises to the top of the volcano secondary

Question 34

secondary vent and cone

Answer 34

Allows magma to escape from the side of the volcano

Question 35

Volcanic cloud

Answer 35

gas, steam and ash escaping from the volcano

Question 36

volcanic bombs

Answer 36

Large pieces of rock ejected from the volcano

Question 37

volcanic explosivity index

Answer 37

the measure of the destructive power of a volcano in the scale 1 to 8 (1 = non explosive, 8 = largest)

Question 38

volcanic explosivity index

Answer 38

the measure of the destructive power of a volcano in the scale 1 to 8 (1 = non explosive, 8 = largest)

Question 39

epicentre

Answer 39

The point on the Earth surface above the focus

Question 40

focus

Answer 40

The point inside the crust where the pressure is released

Question 41

seismometer

Answer 41

It’s measure and records seismic waves

Question 42

continental jigsaw

Answer 42

continents match up like a jigsaw implying they were once connected

Question 43

case of the mesosaurus

Answer 43

- fossil remains of the mesosaurus in South America and South Africa - the mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile so it couldn’t of swam overseas so the countries had to be close together

Question 44

coal deposits

Answer 44

- Alfred Wegner loaded the unusual deposits of coal in the South Polar regions - The fossils of tropical plants in the form of cold deposits were found in Antarctica - This led to the theory that this landmass was previously much closer to the equator where the climate is warmer and the lush vegetation could flourish

Question 45

What tectonic activity do you find at divergent plate boundaries?

Answer 45

- As the plates move apart magma below escape from the mantle - this causes volcanoes

Question 46

what tectonic activity do you find at convergent/destructive plate boundaries?

Answer 46

the denser oceanic crust is forced under the continental plate but the continental plate cannot be destroyed so it’s forced to make fold mountains - the oceanic plate melts this caused the magma to rise the surface through the fold mountains creating volcanoes.

Question 47

what tectonic activity do you find at collision plate boundaries?

Answer 47

Big earthquakes, because there’s a massive buildup of friction and pressure

Question 48

what tectonic activity will we find at conservative plate bound

Answer 48

earthquakes due to huge buildup of pressure between a two plates

Question 49

what’s an example of a composite volcano

Answer 49

mount pinatubo

Question 50

whats an example of a shield volcano

Answer 50

queen mary’s peak

Question 51

what plate boundaries are composite volcanos found at

Answer 51

convergent

Question 52

what plate boundary are shield volcanos found at

Answer 52

divergent

Question 53

how does a tsunami form

Answer 53

1) destructive plate movement causes an earthquake 2) sea above the earthquake is forced upwards 3) sea movement causes tsunami 4) seismic waves spread quickly outwards 5) waves crash onto shore