Paper 1 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
life expectancy
average number of years a person can be expected to live
fertility rate
average number of births per woman
maternal mortility
number if mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
infant mortality
number of children per 1000 who die before their first birthday
dependency ratio
proportion of the people below (aged 0-14) and above (aged over 65) the normal working age
GDP PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)
shows what the GDP will buy in other countries (linked to exchange rate)
GDP (per capita)
total value of goods and services produced in the year divided by the population
human development index
combines wealth, health and education to share a developed country is (0-1 - higher the better)
poverty line
minimum income required to meet someone basic needs
access to drinking water
the percentage of the population with access to water supply within 1km
literacy rate
the percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write
corruption reception index
uses it a scale from 0-10 (0 = very corrupt; 10 = honest) to rank how stable government is
Brandt line
a line that divides the rich north from the poor south
high income countries (HIC’s)
a group of wealthy countries mostly in the northern hemisphere
low income countries (LIC’s)
a second group of poorer countries mostly in the southern hemisphere
middle income countries (MIC’s)
countries such as Brazil and Chile that have a large reserves of raw material which encouraged investment and growth in the 1980’s
newly industrialising countries (NIC’s)
the growth was often due to relocation of manufacturing overseas - economies doubled in size between 1988 and 1996
recently industrialising countries (RIC’s)
NIC’s that started more recently (past 10 years)
transnational companies (TNC’s)
big companies e.g. Coca Cola
land locked
only surrounded by countries not surrounded by sea so doesn’t have any ports so makes it difficult to import goods
rural isolation
barely any roads so takes a while to get place’s
how does living with climate change prevent development
water shortages as temp increases
how does increased pollution prevent development
air pollution reduces air quality
terms of trades
the value of a countries imports relative to its exports
what are the 3 development models
- Rostow’s theory of development
- Franks dependency theory
- the Clark Fisher model
top down
organised by government, so lots of money however may not impact local people
bottom up
organised by locals so benefits them although they may not have enough funding - relies on donations
top down case study
three gorges dam
bottom up case study
water aid
emerging country
one with high to medium human development and recent economic growth
how many stages were there on Rostows theory of development
had 5 stages
explain the first stage of Rostow’s development theory
traditional society
- most people work in agriculture but produce little surplus (extra food which they could sell); this is a ‘subsistence society)
explain the second stage of Rostow’s development theory
pre-conditions for take off
- there’s a shift from farming to manufacturing; trade increases profit, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure
- agriculture produces cash crops for sale
explain the third stage of Rostow’s development theory
take off
- growth is rapid investment and technology create new manufacturing industries; it requires investments from profits earned from overseas trade
explain the fourth stage of Rostow’s development theory
drive to maturity
- a period of growth - technology is used throughout the economy
- industries produce consumer goods
explain the fifth stage of Rostow’s development theory
age of high mass consumption
- a period of comfort - consumers enjoy a wide range of goods; societies choose how to spend wealth either on military strength, on education and welfare or on luxuries for the wealthy
Frank’s dependency theory
a theory that you have the core (takers) then semi periphery and then periphery (makers)
colonialism
a form of direct control over territory and its people by an external power
neo-colonialism
a form of indirect control in which a dominating power uses a subtle mode of dominance; these subtle modes include financial aid, multinational, business corporations
globalisation
the process in which countries have become increasingly connected to each other
what are the 4 types of employment
- primary - collecting raw materials
- secondary - take what primary supplies and makes something out of it
- tertiary - providing a service
- quaternary - providing information services
rural-urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to cities
development
process of change that affects peoples lives - it may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change
top quantile
The richest 20%
-> these countries own 83% of the world wealth
Bottom quantiles
poorest 40%
-> own just 3% of the worlds wealth
BRIC countries
Brazil
Russia
China
India
how did BRIC become more industrialised
- large reserves of raw materials encouraged investment and growth
- Relocation of manufacturing overseas
what is holding Malawi back from developing?
- it’s landlocked - it has no port from which to export or import goods
- Rural isolation - 85% of Malawi’s population is rural and much of rural Malawi is isolated with poor infrastructure
- Living with climate change - water shortages as temperature rises and food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
- Increased pollution - dust industrial smoke and car exhaust fumes have reduced air quality
World Trade Organisation (WTO) and what it does
The global organisation which aims to make trade easier
-> tries to help developing countries trade wealthy countries so they can increase wealth jobs and investment
-> aims to get countries to agree that goods will be free of duties or tariffs which are added under the price of goods making them more expensive
How is trade affected Malawi?
the value of Malawi’s exports every year is less than its import so it earns less than it spends
reasons for such poor terms of trade in Malawi
- Malawi exports largely raw materials known as primary products
- It’s traditionally sold these to develop countries and in return and brought manufactured goods that it does not make themself
- over 80% of its population works in farming and the country still depends on cash crops (sold for cash) for export - these are commodities and are traded on global markets; Malawi’s farmers find it tough because global prices are constantly changing
What happen when Britain colonised Malawi and its land?
They developed plantations to grow coffee and teeth exports
How is global trade changed between 1989 and the present
- before 1980s floor traders either between the worlds developed and developing countries or between developed countries themselves
- Now there’s a third type of trade between developing countries and emerging countries
What are barriers to progress and development in low income countries?
- economic e.g. terms of trade
- Social e.g. the impact of little education
- Environmental e.g. changing climate
what causes globalisation
- economic interdependence between countries
- Increasing volumes and variety of trade in goods and services
- Increased spread of technology
- International flows of investments into the countries
- Using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply (outsourcing)
- Culture - global media companies spread 24 hour News, TV, film and music
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
Investor in one country buy a company or controlling share in a company in another country
Clark fisher model
what happens in pre-industrial stage of the Clark fisher model
A country has high amounts of primary industries. e.g. farmers - very little manufacturing and no high-tech jobs
what happens in the industrial stage of ClarkFisher model
Manufacturing starts to increase. New factories spring up in many locations. The tertiary sector starts to increase; primary sector to starts to decrease
What happens in the post-industrial stage of Clark-Fisher model
The tertiary sector continues to grow as the need for services increases. Manufacturing decreases and the primary sector continues declining. Quaternary sector increases as the country gets wealthier.
industrialisation
rapid industrial growth
what’s our emerging country case study
INDIA
population pyramid structure of LEDC
- narrow top - high death rate - poor healthcare
- wide bottom - high birth rate - high infant mortality rate
population pyramid of MEDC
- low death rate - better healthcare
- high working age - high employment rate
- high birth rate - good maternity care and hospitals
India’s significance - social
- worlds largest pop.
- worlds 4th and 5th largest cities
India’s significance - political
- worlds largest democracy
- one of the founding members of the United Nations
India’s significance - cultural
- Bollywood (largest film industry in the world)
- birth place of 4 of the works religions - 78% Hindu, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christian, 1% seek
India’s significance - environmental
- has some of the worlds worst problems either land and water pollution
- greatest emitter of greenhouse gases
- The richest biodiversity
geopolitical influence
the way a country’s geography and economy affect its relationships and influence with other countries
