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Geography GCSE > Paper 1 - Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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2
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 people per year

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3
Q

life expectancy

A

average number of years a person can be expected to live

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4
Q

fertility rate

A

average number of births per woman

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5
Q

maternal mortility

A

number if mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth

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6
Q

infant mortality

A

number of children per 1000 who die before their first birthday

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7
Q

dependency ratio

A

proportion of the people below (aged 0-14) and above (aged over 65) the normal working age

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8
Q

GDP PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

A

shows what the GDP will buy in other countries (linked to exchange rate)

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9
Q

GDP (per capita)

A

total value of goods and services produced in the year divided by the population

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10
Q

human development index

A

combines wealth, health and education to share a developed country is (0-1 - higher the better)

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11
Q

poverty line

A

minimum income required to meet someone basic needs

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12
Q

access to drinking water

A

the percentage of the population with access to water supply within 1km

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13
Q

literacy rate

A

the percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write

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14
Q

corruption reception index

A

uses it a scale from 0-10 (0 = very corrupt; 10 = honest) to rank how stable government is

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15
Q

Brandt line

A

a line that divides the rich north from the poor south

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16
Q

high income countries (HIC’s)

A

a group of wealthy countries mostly in the northern hemisphere

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17
Q

low income countries (LIC’s)

A

a second group of poorer countries mostly in the southern hemisphere

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18
Q

middle income countries (MIC’s)

A

countries such as Brazil and Chile that have a large reserves of raw material which encouraged investment and growth in the 1980’s

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19
Q

newly industrialising countries (NIC’s)

A

the growth was often due to relocation of manufacturing overseas - economies doubled in size between 1988 and 1996

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20
Q

recently industrialising countries (RIC’s)

A

NIC’s that started more recently (past 10 years)

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21
Q

transnational companies (TNC’s)

A

big companies e.g. Coca Cola

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22
Q

land locked

A

only surrounded by countries not surrounded by sea so doesn’t have any ports so makes it difficult to import goods

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23
Q

rural isolation

A

barely any roads so takes a while to get place’s

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24
Q

how does living with climate change prevent development

A

water shortages as temp increases

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25
Q

how does increased pollution prevent development

A

air pollution reduces air quality

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26
Q

terms of trades

A

the value of a countries imports relative to its exports

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27
Q

what are the 3 development models

A
  • Rostow’s theory of development
  • Franks dependency theory
  • the Clark Fisher model
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28
Q

top down

A

organised by government, so lots of money however may not impact local people

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29
Q

bottom up

A

organised by locals so benefits them although they may not have enough funding - relies on donations

30
Q

top down case study

A

three gorges dam

31
Q

bottom up case study

A

water aid

32
Q

emerging country

A

one with high to medium human development and recent economic growth

33
Q

how many stages were there on Rostows theory of development

A

had 5 stages

34
Q

explain the first stage of Rostow’s development theory

A

traditional society
- most people work in agriculture but produce little surplus (extra food which they could sell); this is a ‘subsistence society)

35
Q

explain the second stage of Rostow’s development theory

A

pre-conditions for take off
- there’s a shift from farming to manufacturing; trade increases profit, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure
- agriculture produces cash crops for sale

36
Q

explain the third stage of Rostow’s development theory

A

take off
- growth is rapid investment and technology create new manufacturing industries; it requires investments from profits earned from overseas trade

37
Q

explain the fourth stage of Rostow’s development theory

A

drive to maturity
- a period of growth - technology is used throughout the economy
- industries produce consumer goods

38
Q

explain the fifth stage of Rostow’s development theory

A

age of high mass consumption
- a period of comfort - consumers enjoy a wide range of goods; societies choose how to spend wealth either on military strength, on education and welfare or on luxuries for the wealthy

39
Q

Frank’s dependency theory

A

a theory that you have the core (takers) then semi periphery and then periphery (makers)

40
Q

colonialism

A

a form of direct control over territory and its people by an external power

41
Q

neo-colonialism

A

a form of indirect control in which a dominating power uses a subtle mode of dominance; these subtle modes include financial aid, multinational, business corporations

42
Q

globalisation

A

the process in which countries have become increasingly connected to each other

43
Q

what are the 4 types of employment

A
  • primary - collecting raw materials
  • secondary - take what primary supplies and makes something out of it
  • tertiary - providing a service
  • quaternary - providing information services
44
Q

rural-urban migration

A

the movement of people from the countryside to cities

45
Q

development

A

process of change that affects peoples lives - it may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change

46
Q

top quantile

A

The richest 20%
-> these countries own 83% of the world wealth

47
Q

Bottom quantiles

A

poorest 40%
-> own just 3% of the worlds wealth

48
Q

BRIC countries

A

Brazil
Russia
China
India

49
Q

how did BRIC become more industrialised

A
  • large reserves of raw materials encouraged investment and growth
  • Relocation of manufacturing overseas
50
Q

what is holding Malawi back from developing?

A
  • it’s landlocked - it has no port from which to export or import goods
  • Rural isolation - 85% of Malawi’s population is rural and much of rural Malawi is isolated with poor infrastructure
  • Living with climate change - water shortages as temperature rises and food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
  • Increased pollution - dust industrial smoke and car exhaust fumes have reduced air quality
51
Q

World Trade Organisation (WTO) and what it does

A

The global organisation which aims to make trade easier
-> tries to help developing countries trade wealthy countries so they can increase wealth jobs and investment
-> aims to get countries to agree that goods will be free of duties or tariffs which are added under the price of goods making them more expensive

52
Q

How is trade affected Malawi?

A

the value of Malawi’s exports every year is less than its import so it earns less than it spends

53
Q

reasons for such poor terms of trade in Malawi

A
  • Malawi exports largely raw materials known as primary products
  • It’s traditionally sold these to develop countries and in return and brought manufactured goods that it does not make themself
  • over 80% of its population works in farming and the country still depends on cash crops (sold for cash) for export - these are commodities and are traded on global markets; Malawi’s farmers find it tough because global prices are constantly changing
54
Q

What happen when Britain colonised Malawi and its land?

A

They developed plantations to grow coffee and teeth exports

55
Q

How is global trade changed between 1989 and the present

A
  • before 1980s floor traders either between the worlds developed and developing countries or between developed countries themselves
  • Now there’s a third type of trade between developing countries and emerging countries
56
Q

What are barriers to progress and development in low income countries?

A
  • economic e.g. terms of trade
  • Social e.g. the impact of little education
  • Environmental e.g. changing climate
57
Q

what causes globalisation

A
  • economic interdependence between countries
  • Increasing volumes and variety of trade in goods and services
  • Increased spread of technology
  • International flows of investments into the countries
  • Using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply (outsourcing)
  • Culture - global media companies spread 24 hour News, TV, film and music
58
Q

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

A

Investor in one country buy a company or controlling share in a company in another country

59
Q

Clark fisher model

A
60
Q

what happens in pre-industrial stage of the Clark fisher model

A

A country has high amounts of primary industries. e.g. farmers - very little manufacturing and no high-tech jobs

61
Q

what happens in the industrial stage of ClarkFisher model

A

Manufacturing starts to increase. New factories spring up in many locations. The tertiary sector starts to increase; primary sector to starts to decrease

62
Q

What happens in the post-industrial stage of Clark-Fisher model

A

The tertiary sector continues to grow as the need for services increases. Manufacturing decreases and the primary sector continues declining. Quaternary sector increases as the country gets wealthier.

63
Q

industrialisation

A

rapid industrial growth

64
Q

what’s our emerging country case study

A

INDIA

65
Q

population pyramid structure of LEDC

A
  • narrow top - high death rate - poor healthcare
  • wide bottom - high birth rate - high infant mortality rate
66
Q

population pyramid of MEDC

A
  • low death rate - better healthcare
  • high working age - high employment rate
  • high birth rate - good maternity care and hospitals
67
Q

India’s significance - social

A
  • worlds largest pop.
  • worlds 4th and 5th largest cities
68
Q

India’s significance - political

A
  • worlds largest democracy
  • one of the founding members of the United Nations
69
Q

India’s significance - cultural

A
  • Bollywood (largest film industry in the world)
  • birth place of 4 of the works religions - 78% Hindu, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christian, 1% seek
70
Q

India’s significance - environmental

A
  • has some of the worlds worst problems either land and water pollution
  • greatest emitter of greenhouse gases
  • The richest biodiversity

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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