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Geography GCSE > Paper 1 - Hazardous Earth (Climate) > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Hazardous Earth (Climate) Flashcards

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1
Q

ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone)

A

a band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator

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2
Q

global circulation model

A

a theory that explains the movement of air around the planet

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3
Q

what are the 3 global circulation cells in the atmosphere

A
  • polar
  • ferrell
  • hadley (equator)
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4
Q

natural causes of climate change

A
  • the eruption theory
  • the asteroid collision
  • the sunspot theory
  • the orbital theory
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5
Q

climate

A

the pattern of weather over a longer period of time

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6
Q

name 3 pieces of evidence for past climates

A
  • ice cores
  • tree rings
  • historical sources
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7
Q

greenhouse effect

A

the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth’s surface by ‘greenhouse gases’

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8
Q

Where on earth are hurricanes formed

A

North Atlantic and on the Pacific coast of the USA

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9
Q

where on earth are cyclones formed

A

Indian and South Pacific Ocean

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10
Q

where on earth are typhoons formed

A

Western North Pacific

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11
Q

tropical cyclone

A

a general term used to describe a rotating system of clouds and storms that form and develop over tropical or subtropical waters

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12
Q

what temperature does the sea have to be for cyclones to form

A

26.5°C

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13
Q

what are the 2 case-studies

A
  • hurricane Katrina
  • cyclone Alia
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14
Q

global warming

A

the rise in the average temperature of our planet

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15
Q

what is the first pressure belt

A

equatorial low pressure belt

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16
Q

what is the second pressure belt

A

sub-tropical high pressure belt

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17
Q

what is the third pressure belt

A

sub-polar low pressure belt

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18
Q

fourth pressure belt

A

polar high pressure belt

19
Q

where does the second pressure belt sit

A

30° - 35° N and S of the equator

20
Q

What happens in ares of low pressure?

A

warm air rises and cools

21
Q

What happens in ares of high pressure?

A

cool air descends from low pressure

22
Q

how do the air pressure belts work - going from low - high

A

for example:
the air at the equatorial low pressure belt is warm, as air is heated, it expands, becomes lighter which causes the warm air to rise and it begins to expand at around 30° latitude(sub-tropical high pressure belt), once the air has cools, now causing it to descend, after it descends and gets closer to the land, it warms up, this is high pressure

23
Q

what is the eruption theory

A
  • the eruption needs to be very large and explosive - they will produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas
  • if ash and gases rise high enough they’ll be spread around the Earth in the stratosphere by high-level winds
  • the blanket of ash and gas will stop some sunlight reaching the earth’s surface
  • instead the sunlight is reflected of the ash and gas back into space - this caused the planet and lowers the average temperature
24
Q

asteroid collision

A
  • 1 km sized astroids strike earth every 500,000 years
  • an impact this size would blast millions of tons of ash and dust into the atmosphere
  • this would cool the climate as the dust and ash would block incoming sunlight
  • this would be similar in impact to a large volcano eruption and its effect could last 5-10 years
25
Q

what is the sunspot theory

A
  • sometimes the sun has many sunspots, at other times they disappear - they tell us that the sun is more active than usual
  • lots of spots = more energy being fired out from the Sun towards the Earth
26
Q

what is the sunspot theory

A
  • sometimes the sun has many sunspots, at other times they disappear - they tell us that the sun is more active than usual
  • lots of spots = more energy being fired out from the Sun towards the Earth
27
Q

what is the orbital theory?

A
  • the earths orbit is sometimes circular and sometimes more of an ellipse (oval); the Earth access tilts; sometimes it is more upright and sometimes it’s on its side; the Earth’s axis wobbles like a spinning top
  • these three changes alters the amount of sunlight the Earth receives; they also affect where sunlight falls on the Earth surface
  • on timescales of thousands of years, the changes would be enough to ice age or end one
28
Q

what are tree rings

A
  • period of growth can be seen from the number of rings in a tree - each ring is a years growth
  • some years are warmer and wetter = tree growth at its greatest
  • scientists examine tree rings to learn about past conditions - we can learn about climate conditions at the true experience during its lifetime
29
Q

what are ice cores?

A
  • they contain layers of ice (the oldest at the bottom, youngest at the top) - each layer is one year of snowfall
  • trapped in the ice layers are air bubbles - locked in the air bubbles is carbon dioxide; these preserve air from the time the snow fell
  • climatologists can reconstruct past temperatures by drilling a core through the ice and measuring the amount of trapped carbon dioxide in the ice layers
30
Q

what are historical sources?

A
  • old photos, drawings and paintings of the landscape
  • written records such as diaries, books and newspapers
  • the recorded dates of regular events such as; harvests, the arrival of migrating birds and tree blossom
  • these sources are often not very accurate because they were not intended to record climate; however can give us some ideas of trends
31
Q

what is evidence that climate change is happening?

A
  • warmer years
  • highest level of methane and carbon dioxide in 420,000 years
  • Arctic sea ice has dropped 10% in the last 30 years
  • over 90% of the world valley glaciers are shrinking
32
Q

What is a landslide and how is it caused?

A

movement of rock debris or earth down a slope
they are caused when the ground is saturated by rain causing it to slump

33
Q

How are storm surges caused?

A

by unusually high tides; high tides are higher than normal during a cyclone because air pressure is so low

34
Q

What do storm surges cause?

A

It causes coastal flooding due to high tides because sea levels rise because air pressure is solo and there is less weight of air holding it down

35
Q

What are the conditions for a cyclone to occur?

A
  • ocean temperature exceeds 26.5°C
  • strong wind and the troposphere - needed to draw warm air up rapidly from ocean surface
  • strong force caused by the earths rotation called Coriolis
36
Q

Formation if a cylclone

A
  • warm ocean current rises
  • up draw of air contains huge volumes of water vapour which condense to produce large cumulonimbus clouds (big fluffy clouds)
  • Coriolis force (spin of the Earth) causes rising currents of air to spiral around the centre of the tropical cyclone)
  • as tropical cyclone moves from source it is fed new heat and moisture from the oceans
  • once it reaches land, it loses and its energy source from the ocean; it decays and becomes a mere storm
37
Q

Formation if a cylclone

A
  • warm ocean current rises
  • up draw of air contains huge volumes of water vapour which condense to produce large cumulonimbus clouds (big fluffy clouds)
  • Coriolis force (spin of the Earth) causes rising currents of air to spiral around the centre of the tropical cyclone)
  • as tropical cyclone moves from source it is fed new heat and moisture from the oceans
  • once it reaches land, it loses and its energy source from the ocean; it decays and becomes a mere storm
38
Q

primary effects

A

Things that happen immediately as a result of a hazard

39
Q

Secondary effects

A

Things that happen in an hour, days and weeks after the initial hazard

40
Q

vulnerability

A

A measure of the extent to which community or area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard

41
Q

risk

A

The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences

42
Q

What are the factors that affect vulnerability?

A

Preparation, education, population density, building design, time of day, economy, sediment type

43
Q

What are the factors that affect vulnerability?

A

Preparation, education, population density, building design, time of day, economy, sediment type

Geography GCSE (6 decks)

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