Paper 2 Skill acquisition- Memory models Flashcards
Atkinson and Shiffrin multi store memory model
- Sensory memory(1/4 sec)
- Short term memory(30 secs)
- Long term memory(Unlimited)
Advantages of multi store memory model
- Simplifies the memory processes to aid understanding
- Explains how those with brain damage may have dysfunctional memory or amnesia, showing a difference between STM and LTM
Disadvantage of multi store memory model
Too simplified
No effective distinguished difference between STM and LTM
Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model
Structural level
What do the words look like?
Phonetic level
What do the words sound like?
Semantic level
What is the actual meaning of the words
Advantages of levels of processing
Explains well that if we understand some information then we are more likely to remember it
Disadvantages of levels of processing model
Difficulty in defining what ‘deep’ processing means
Chunking
Different pieces of information can be grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information
Selective attention
Multi store
Relevant information is filtered through into the short term memory and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten
Encoding
Involves the conversion of information into codes called visual codes, auditory codes or semantic codes
Storage
The retention of information over a period of time
Retrieval
Involves recovering information that has been stored.
The success of the retrieval depends on how we’ll know the information is and how much there is of it
Practical example of rehearsal
A tennis player will reverse her serve physically as well as mentally by practicing the throw-up of the ball, the preparation backswing, the strike and the follow through
Meaningfulness
The more the information is seen as relevant to our needs, the more likely we are to remember it, as shown in the levels of processing model
Meaningfulness practical example
The tennis coach will show that the coaching information being given will raise the players performance levels
Rehearsal
This can be useful for retrieval or information in both the short term memory and the long term memory, as shown in the multi store memory model
Memory trace
When the brain cells retain or store information
Association
If new information is linked to old information, it is more likely to be remembered, thus associating it with something already known, especially relevant to the levels of processing approach
Association practical example
The tennis coach will show the player that new information regarding the serve technique is simply an adaptation of the old serve, so the learning of a whole new skill is not required
Avoiding overload
Any new information must be allowed to ‘sink in’ thus avoiding potential confusion, relating particularly to the multi store memory model
Avoiding overload practical example
The tennis coach will only give a few points for the player to remember before the match.
Organise information
We have seen that chunking can expand the STM store.
Complex pieces of information should be grouped to aid understanding, relevant to the multi store memory model
Organise information practical example
The trampolinist will remember a complex sequence by mentally putting together the small needs to make bigger ones.
Mental imagery
Performer will often remember you are a presentation far more than verbal instructions.
This is especially relevant to the levels of processing approach
Mental imagery practical example
The trampoline coach demonstrates the move to the performer or shows him a video of the sequence so that he can remember it more effectively
