Paper 2 Skill acquisition- Memory models

Question 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin multi store memory model

Answer 1

• Sensory memory(1/4 sec)
• Short term memory(30 secs)
• Long term memory(Unlimited)

Question 2

Advantages of multi store memory model

Answer 2

• Simplifies the memory processes to aid understanding
• Explains how those with brain damage may have dysfunctional memory or amnesia, showing a difference between STM and LTM

Question 3

Disadvantage of multi store memory model

Answer 3

Too simplified

No effective distinguished difference between STM and LTM

Question 4

Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model

Answer 4

Structural level
What do the words look like?

Phonetic level
What do the words sound like?

Semantic level
What is the actual meaning of the words

Question 5

Advantages of levels of processing

Answer 5

Explains well that if we understand some information then we are more likely to remember it

Question 6

Disadvantages of levels of processing model

Answer 6

Difficulty in defining what ‘deep’ processing means

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

Different pieces of information can be grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information

Question 8

Selective attention

Multi store

Answer 8

Relevant information is filtered through into the short term memory and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

Involves the conversion of information into codes called visual codes, auditory codes or semantic codes

Question 10

Storage

Answer 10

The retention of information over a period of time

Question 11

Retrieval

Answer 11

Involves recovering information that has been stored.

The success of the retrieval depends on how we’ll know the information is and how much there is of it

Question 12

Practical example of rehearsal

Answer 12

A tennis player will reverse her serve physically as well as mentally by practicing the throw-up of the ball, the preparation backswing, the strike and the follow through

Question 13

Meaningfulness

Answer 13

The more the information is seen as relevant to our needs, the more likely we are to remember it, as shown in the levels of processing model

Question 14

Meaningfulness practical example

Answer 14

The tennis coach will show that the coaching information being given will raise the players performance levels

Question 15

Rehearsal

Answer 15

This can be useful for retrieval or information in both the short term memory and the long term memory, as shown in the multi store memory model

Question 16

Memory trace

Answer 16

When the brain cells retain or store information

Question 17

Association

Answer 17

If new information is linked to old information, it is more likely to be remembered, thus associating it with something already known, especially relevant to the levels of processing approach

Question 18

Association practical example

Answer 18

The tennis coach will show the player that new information regarding the serve technique is simply an adaptation of the old serve, so the learning of a whole new skill is not required

Question 19

Avoiding overload

Answer 19

Any new information must be allowed to ‘sink in’ thus avoiding potential confusion, relating particularly to the multi store memory model

Question 20

Avoiding overload practical example

Answer 20

The tennis coach will only give a few points for the player to remember before the match.

Question 21

Organise information

Answer 21

We have seen that chunking can expand the STM store.

Complex pieces of information should be grouped to aid understanding, relevant to the multi store memory model

Question 22

Organise information practical example

Answer 22

The trampolinist will remember a complex sequence by mentally putting together the small needs to make bigger ones.

Question 23

Mental imagery

Answer 23

Performer will often remember you are a presentation far more than verbal instructions.

This is especially relevant to the levels of processing approach

Question 24

Mental imagery practical example

Answer 24

The trampoline coach demonstrates the move to the performer or shows him a video of the sequence so that he can remember it more effectively