Anatomy and Physiology - Energy for exercise

Question 1

What are the three energy systems?

Answer 1

• ATP/PC Energy system
• Glycolytic Energy system
• Aerobic Energy system

Question 2

ATP/PC System

Answer 2

• Very high intensity activity/exercise
• Lasts from 3-10 seconds
• Used predominantly in events such as the 100m sprint

Question 3

Glycolytic energy system

Answer 3

• Used for high intensity exercise/activity
• Lasts up to 3 minutes
• Used in the last lap of 1500M with the ATP/PC system being used in the last 50m of the race

Question 4

Aerobic energy

Answer 4

• Used for low to moderate intensity exercise/activity
• Lasts for +3 minutes
• Used in Events such as long distance cycling and long distance running especially

Question 5

What are the three sections of the Aerobic energy system?

Answer 5

• Aerobic glycolysis
• Krebs cycle
• Electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 6

Aerobic glycolysis

Answer 6

• Breakdown of carbohydrates (in the form of glucose or glycogen) into pyruvic acid and resulting in the production of two ATP molecules.
• A total of 10 chemical reactions are required to convert carbohydrates into pyruvic acid.
• This takes place In the sarcoplasm.
- 2 ATP MOLECULES PRODUCED

Question 7

Kreb’s cycle

Answer 7

• The pyruvic acid produced during aerobic glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is immediately converted to Acetyl Conzyme A.
This combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6 carbon compound known as citric acid.
- 2 ATP MOLECULES PRODUCED

Question 8

Electron transport chain

Answer 8

• Hydrogen atoms from the Krebs cycle are carried through the electron transport chain along the cristae (the inner membranes of the mitochondria) by NAD and FAD and is then split into a protein (H+) and an electron (H-).

• The electrons are then subject to a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy in order to resynthesise ATP.
• The protons also create energy by moving back through the inner membrane of the Mitochondria because of the redox reactions.
- 34 ATP MOLECULES PRODUCED

Question 9

ATP/PC Process

Answer 9

• High-energy compound broken down by ATPase.
• This provides an immediate source of energy for muscular contraction exothermically.
• ATP/PC can be resynthesised to maintain energy production using energy from food fuel breakdown.
• It resynthesises ATP from the breakdown of phosphorcreatine (PC) by créatine kinase in a coupled reaction
• PC -> C +P + energy in an anaerobic reaction in the sarcoplasm yielding one mile of ATP.

Question 10

Glycolytic process

Answer 10

• It resynthesises ATP from the breakdown of glycogen by GPP and glucose by PFK.

Glucose —> pyruvic acid + energy in the sarcoplasm yielding 2 miles of ATP.

Pyruvic acid —> lactic acid by LDH due to anaerobic conditions which accumulates to reach OBLA, causing fatigue.

Question 11

Aerobic process

Answer 11

It resynthesises ATP from the breakdown of glycogen, glucose and FFAs by GPP, PFK or lipase.

Yields 38 moles of ATP in total

Question 12

Aerobic system - Glycolysis equation

Answer 12

Glucose —> Pyruvic acid + energy by PFK in the sarcoplasm.

Question 13

Aerobic system - Krebs cycle equation

Answer 13

Acetyl CoA —> CO2 + H + Energy in the matrix if the mitochondria

Question 14

Aerobic system - Electron transport chain equation

Answer 14

H —> H2O + energy in the cristae of the mitochondria.

Question 15

Energy continuum

Answer 15

Relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration.

Question 16

Buffering capacity

Answer 16

The ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream

Question 17

PFK

Answer 17

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

Question 18

OBLA

Answer 18

Onset blood lactate accumulation.

The point at which fatigue sets in

Question 19

ATPase

Answer 19

An enzyme which catalysés the breakdown of ATP

Question 20

Exothermic reaction

Answer 20

A chemical reaction which releases energy

Question 21

Endothermic reaction

Answer 21

A chemical reaction which absorbs energy

Question 22

Coupled reaction

Answer 22

Where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction.

Question 23

Créatine kinase

Answer 23

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of Phosphocreatine (pc)

Question 24

Phosphocreatine

Answer 24

A high energy compound stored in the muscle cell and broken down for ATP resynthesis

Question 25

Mole

Answer 25

A unit of substance quantity

Question 26

Anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 26

The partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid

Question 27

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Answer 27

An enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid TNT’s lactic acid

Question 28

Lipase

Answer 28

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 29

Intermittent exercise

Answer 29

Activity where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play and changes in intensity

Question 30

Threshold

Answer 30

The point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another

Question 31

Myoglobin

Answer 31

A red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen

Question 32

Vo2 Max

Answer 32

Maximum volume of oxygen inspired, transported and utilised per minute during exhaustive exercise

Question 33

What is ‘blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose’

Answer 33

Oxygenated blood

Question 34

What is Mitochondria

Answer 34

Structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production