Paper 2 May/Jun 2022 Flashcards
Suggest two reasons why developing a large airport on the Balochistan Plateau may be difficult.
- mountainous
- expensive
Fig. 1.2 only, describes the location of the airport.
- in-between two rivers
- in between two canals
- accessed by Jamrud Road
State two improvements that have recently taken place in air communications in Pakistan.
- more frequent flights
- budget airlines
Describe two features of large-scale industry.
- requires a large area of land
- convert raw materials into (manufactured) goods
suggest two advantages of locating a new large-scale industry at W.
- in large cities, there is a nearby source of workers
- river/canal nearby for a constant water supply
Explain how large-scale industries can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
- provides jobs
- more output/goods will be produced
- produce high-value/manufactured goods
- increase in/large amount of exports
SOURCES:
A - Building new international airports in Pakistan has the most potential to increase trade and development.
B - Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan has the most potential to increase trade and development.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer
SOURCE A:
- employees can be trained/skilled workforce
- The cost of improving/building international airports is high and could outweigh any financial gains
SOURCE B:
- the infrastructure is already built so it will cost less to improve seaports than building airports.
- the ports are already developed but motorways and railways connecting to the ports would need to be further improved which is expensive
state two features of the Thar desert shown.
- Sandy soil
- large/vast area
Explain how desert areas influence the development of road networks in
Pakistan. You should develop your answer
- large/vast areas; Materials need to be transported over long distances making construction expensive
- unstable land
- Lack of nearby construction workers
- lack of power supply
Describe the effect of latitude on day length and temperature in Pakistan
DAY LENGTH: (Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere so) it is tilted towards the sun; therefore has more daylight hours during summer
Temperature: southern Pakistan is closer to the equator; so has higher temperatures than northern Pakistan
Which of the following factors causes seasonal variations in Pakistan’s climate?
- Air pressure
- Wind direction
Describe the characteristics of an arid climate in Pakistan
- hot/extreme heat
- cool nights
- high evaporation rate
In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the south of Pakistan due to drought. Evaluate the extent to which extremes of climate influence the lives of people and the economy in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgment and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
extreme cold/rainfall/storms/flooding:
- can result in many deaths
- the amount of monsoon rain cannot be predicted
lack of rainfall/high temperatures/droughts:
- can affect many people over a widespread area
- can happen slowly over a period and the effects are not felt until much
later
identify two features of the mine
- low ceiling
- dim light
how coal is extracted from the type of mine
- coal is dug out
- tracks are laid
Define ‘renewable’ and ‘non-renewable’
- renewable are infinite, for example, hydel, solar, wind
- non-renewable are finite, for example, coal, gas, oil
Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar power. You should develop your answer.
- solar is a renewable resource
- the amount of power generated per solar panel is quite small; may need
several to power a home
Pakistan plans to generate 60 percent of its power using renewable energy by 2030, yet coal-fired power stations are being rapidly developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power station and by 2019 there were nine, providing 15 percent of Pakistan’s electricity supply.
To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to generate more of its power from renewable energy? Give reasons to support your judgment and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
It is not possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:
- Pakistan already has power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas
- continuing to use reserves of coal/oil/gas is cheaper than setting up alternatives from scratch
It is possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:
- once set up, running costs are low, making them more sustainable
- labor is available to work on the construction/maintenance of renewable power stations
three main types of farming in Pakistan
- cash crop
- Livestock
- small-scale subsistence
describe the distribution of the areas within southern and western Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept
- throughout the country/widespread
- in all provinces (on the map)
- mainly in Balochistan
State one major use for each of the crops below:
cotton
rice
tobacco
cotton: Making clothes
rice: Nutrition
tobacco: Cigars
Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of cotton. You should develop your answer.
Soil:
- Should be fertile for the crop to grow
- The pH of the soil should be neutral
Climate:
- The ideal temperature for cotton is hot
- Mild night-time temperatures are needed
Define ‘population distribution
it is the pattern of where people live
Describe the distribution of the districts within the southern and western
Pakistan with over 4 percent annual population change
- uneven distribution
- near international borders with Iran
- mostly in Balochistan
Two reasons for the annual population change
- International migration
- rural to urban migration
State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan
- overcrowding
- migration
Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities
- rubbish piles
- overcrowded
- little protection from weather
- lack of security
Explain two strategies that could be used to improve living conditions in existing tent cities in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
- build hospitals for vaccinations against diseases/illnesses
- supplying running water to each house to reduce the chance
of catching disease - building materials provided to make the houses stable
- open spaces/parks created which provide space for recreation
SOURCES:
A
Reducing death rates and the spread of disease in Pakistan is the best
way to develop the economy further.
B
Improving literacy rates and educational provision in Pakistan is the
best way to develop the economy further.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.
Agree with A because:
- fewer people will be ill so can go to work
- government won’t have to spend as much money on hospital care
Disagree with A because:
reducing death rates will lead to higher unemployment
Agree with B because:
- improved literacy rates and educational provision will lead to a more skilled workforce.
Disagree with B because:
- literacy rates tend to be higher in city areas so development will be
patchy/uneven
