M/J 2021

Question 1

State 2 uses of gypsum and Limestone.

Answer 1

Gypsum: Cement, fertilizers

Limestone: Iron, glass

Question 2

Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer

Answer 2

• Availability of natural gas; used as a cheap fuel to keep costs down
• Demand for export markets; to improve balance payments

Question 3

Define ‘Sustainable’.

Answer 3

Able to be maintained

Question 4

Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable.

Give reasons to support your judgment and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Answer 4

Mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because:

• There are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can
  select which ones to use.
• Can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples
• Use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits

Cannot be made more sustainable because:

• Profit is put before the environment
• Habitats and loss of wildlife cannot be restored fully
• Harmful to people e.g. vibrations from explosives, etc.

Question 5

State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan.

Answer 5

• Directly from rivers
• Collecting rainwater
• Using desalination

Question 6

Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

Answer 6

• Thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines
• Iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace

Question 7

Define ‘irrigation’

Answer 7

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

Question 8

Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan

Answer 8

• shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river, or canal by a bucket

Question 9

Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on
small-scale subsistence farms.

Answer 9

ADV:

• can produce higher yields
• saves time

DISADV:

• difficult to build
• the cost of installation/maintenance

Question 10

To what extent can effective water supply management help Pakistan avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? [6]

Answer 10

Supply may help because:

• Pakistan has enough water but not evenly spread in the country
• Pakistan needs to further educate people about conserving water
• Water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste

MAY NOT HELP BECAUSE:

• Population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled first
• The consequences of Climate change which is an international issue require multi-national agreements
• The Indus water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated.