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Pakistan Studies (Geo) > Chapter 9: Industries > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Industries Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that are required for establishing an industry?

A
  • Capital: Money and machinery.
  • Land: Flat land is required.
  • Raw Material: It is the basic commodity to manufacture a product.
  • Power supply is required.
  • Skilled Labour is required to work on machines. (unskilled labor as well)
  • Enterprise: The management having skills.
  • Water supply: Basic need of every industry.
  • Marketing: To advertise a product
  • Transport and Communication: Means of transport is through land (road, rail) air, and sea. Communication devices are required to market.
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2
Q

What are the processes in the production of cotton and in what areas?

A

Ginning - Karachi
Spinning - Faisalabad
Weaving - Hyderabad
Ready-made - Peshawar

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3
Q

What is the importance of the cotton textile industry?

A
  • It provides job opportunities to a large number of people.
  • It contributes approximately 7% to the GDP.
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4
Q

What are the problems faced by the cotton textile industry?

A
  • Shortage of raw material due to leaf curl virus
  • Recession in the international market.
  • Competition on the international level
    from Egypt, Hong Kong, Thailand,
    Taiwan etc.
  • Lack of capital
  • Lack of modern machinery
  • Power failure
  • Alternate supply increases the cost
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5
Q

What are the byproducts of sugarcane and what are their functions?

A
  • Bagasse is a fibre to make paper, chipboard, and animal feed. It is also used for fuel in sugar mills.
  • Molasses is used to make chemicals. It is used for citric acid, cattle feed, baker’s yeast,
    synthetic rubber.
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6
Q

Why has the demand for cement increased?

A
  • Population increase resulted in more construction
  • More industries established
  • New roads, bridges, and underpasses are made
  • Lining of canals
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7
Q

Why is the Steel Mill located at Pipri in Karachi?

A
  • Port Qasim has a natural harbor that facilitates imports and exports
  • Cheap flat land was available in Karachi.
  • Iron ore, manganese, etc can be imported easily.
  • Limestone and clay are brought from Thatta
  • Water is brought from Haleji Lake near Thatta
  • Thermal and nuclear power stations are present to produce electricity.
  • Cheap labor is available due to more population.
  • Transport, by road rail and sea is also available.
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8
Q

What types of processes are there in the textile industry?

A

Ginning, spinning, weaving, dying, printing

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9
Q

What types of processes are there in the woolen industry?

A

Weaving, knitting, stitching

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10
Q

What types of processes are there in the Leather industry?

A

Tanning, stitching, printing

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11
Q

What types of processes are there in the iron/steel industry?

A

Heating, molding, packing

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12
Q

What types of processing are there in the cement industry?

A

Grinding, mixing, processing

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13
Q

What are the advantages of cottage and craft/small-scale industries?

A
  • They provide employment opportunities to the people.
  • The demands of the local market can be fulfilled.
  • Due to exports, foreign exchange is earned.
  • Local raw materials can be used.
  • Less capital and less sophisticated technology involved.
  • Standard of living improves especially in rural areas.
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14
Q

What are the problems of cottage and craft/small-scale industries?

A
  • They cannot compete in the open market if the same goods are manufactured on a large
    scale.
  • They do not have extra capital for the expansion of industrial units.
  • There is a lack of standardization and quality control.
  • Production methods and machinery are outdated.
  • Old, traditional methods are used by the craftsmen in which training is limited.
  • Due to shortage of electricity, the production is reduced. Commercial rate of electricity have
    decreased the growth.
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15
Q

What are the effects of industrial pollution?

A
  • Dumping of industrial waste causes land pollution.
  • Industrial waste dumped in water resources is harmful to the irrigation of crops including
    food crops.
  • The turning of machinery causes noise pollution resulting in deafness and irritability.
  • Serious health hazards in the form of various diseases.
  • Threat to marine life – contaminated seafood.
  • Contamination of subsoil water affects food crops and suppliers of drinking water from
    wells.
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16
Q

What are the factors preventing the development of tourism in Pakistan?

A
  • Lack of political stability to implement long-term plans.
  • Lack of infrastructure such as roads
  • Lack of standard accommodation
  • Lack of quality and safe food
  • Lack of safe drinking water
  • Poor Management of tourist attractions.
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17
Q

Why must sugar cane be crushed immediately after harvesting?

A
  • Sugar cane starts losing its sugar content as soon as it is harvested, and it is also bulky and expensive to transport, so it must be crushed immediately.
18
Q

What are the main raw materials needed for the cement industry?

A

Gypsum and limestone

19
Q

List three cities in Punjab where cement factories are located.

A
  • Rawalpindi
  • Attock
  • Jauharabad
20
Q

Where is Pakistan’s steel mill located, and when was it established?

A

Pakistan’s steel mill is located in Pipri, Karachi, near Port Bin Qasim, and was established in 1973.

21
Q

What are some products of Pakistan’s steel mills?

A

Products of Pakistan’s steel mills include coke, pig iron/hot metal, rolled and cast billets, galvanized products, and raw steel.

22
Q

How does the formal sector differ from the informal sector?

A

Formal Sector: Employed by institutions, capital-intensive, mechanized, regular hours, fixed wages, legal/registered, high-quality goods, mainly male workers.

Informal Sector: Self-employed, labor-intensive, irregular hours, uncertain wages, low-quality goods, work often done at home, involves women and children.

23
Q

What are some examples of famous small-scale industries in Pakistan?

A

carpets, textiles, embroidery, jewelry, ceramics, woodwork, metalwork, the cutlery industry, and the fan industry.

24
Q

Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan?

A
  • in small scale industries
  • Uses manual labor (by hand)
  • Processes include cutting, sewing, stitching and shaping.
25
Q

Suggest why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan.

A
  • There is no sugar cane grown in Balochistan
26
Q

Choose one physical and one human factor and explain how each influences the choice of location for a steel mill. You should develop your answer.

A

Physical factor:

  • Raw materials are heavy and bulky to transport so factory would be best located close to the source of the raw material in order to reduce the cost of transportation.

Human factor:

  • Power, situated near to a thermal or nuclear power station is preferred so that energy supples will be uninterrupted.
27
Q

Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on the Balochistan Plateau.

A
  • Lack of workers
  • Lack of customers
28
Q

Describe two features of large-scale industries.

A
  • Requires a large area of land
  • Uses modern machinery
29
Q

Give on example of primary, secondary, and tertiary employment in the cement industry.

A

Primary —> mining raw materials (coal, limestone)

Secondary —> Manufacturing product, packing, etc.

Tertiary —> Lorry driving, sales, advertising, cleaning, maintenance

30
Q

The cement industry is an example of a formal industry. State three characteristics of employment in the formal sector of industry.

A
  • Registered with government
  • Skilled workforce
  • Not labor intensive
31
Q

Explain the advantages of mechanization in small-scale industries in Pakistan. Develop your answer.

A
  • More efficient allowing greater output/production
  • Fewer workers needed (saving labor costs)
  • Increases skills and therefore more competitive in global market
  • Replaces child labor lifting embargoes with countries previously not trading with Pakistan because of this issue.
32
Q

Define secondary industry.

A

The industry that converts raw materials into commodities for the consumer.

33
Q

State a feature of the cottage industry.

A
  • Where the owner and family work with no hired labor
34
Q

State a feature of a small-scale industry.

A

Where up to 10 hired laborers work

35
Q

State a feature of a large-scale industry

A

Where there is no limit to the number of people employed

36
Q

State three reasons for the location of the cotton textile industries in Pakistan.

A
  • Near a port for imports and exports
  • Near to markets
  • Near to uninterrupted power supply
37
Q

Explain why the cotton textile industry is important to Pakistan.

A
  • Large-scale production
  • Uses local raw materials reducing the dependence on imports
  • Unskilled and skilled labor
  • Employs a large number of people
38
Q

Evaluate how the new integrated iron and steel mill will affect the local people of Rawalpindi.

Give reasons to support your answer. You should consider both benefits and problems in your answer. [6]

A

Benefits
* Employment opportunities
* Improvements to roads/other infrastructure
* New settlements

Problems
* Farmland/grazing
* Air pollution
* Visual pollution/eyesore

39
Q

Name two coal-producing areas in Pakistan

A

-Makerwal.

  • Shahrig
40
Q

Explain why the amount of coal being extracted in Pakistan has changed since its peak.

You should develop your answer

A
  • Existing coalfields becoming exhausted, therefore increasing the cost of extraction
  • Lack of government funding which a developing country with high population growth cannot afford.
  • Decreased demand for fossil fuels due to world targets
  • Coal from Pakistan is low grade so has to be imported from other countries

Pakistan Studies (Geo) (10 decks)

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