paper 2: Inheritance and Populations Flashcards

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1
Q

define gene

A

a base sequence of DNA on a chromosome which codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or functional RNA

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2
Q

define allele

A

a different version of a gene

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3
Q

define genotype

A

genetic constitution of an organism

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4
Q

define phenotype

A

the expression of this genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment

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5
Q

define a homologous chromosome

A

pair of chromosomes with same gene in same gene loci but can have different alleles

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6
Q

define homozygous dominant

A

homozygous organism with 2 dominant alleles

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7
Q

define homozygous recessive

A

a homozygous organism with 2 recessive alleles

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8
Q

define heterozygoous

A

the allele on each homologous chromosome is different

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9
Q

what does a gene being expressed mean

A

how it is transcribed into mRNA and then how mRNA is translated into a protein

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10
Q

what is meant by a dominant allele

A

allele is always expressed in the phenotype

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11
Q

what is meant by a recessive allele

A

allele that is only expressed in phenotype when in presence of another identical allele

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12
Q

define monohybrid inheritance

A

the inheritance of a single gene on an autosome

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13
Q

why are the actual results of genetic crosses rarely the same as predicted results

A
  • random fertilisation of gametes
  • may be small population
  • some alleles may give selective advantage
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14
Q

define dihybrid inheritance

A

the inheritance of 2 different genes on different chromosomes at the same time

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15
Q

draw dihybrid genetic cross diagram of 2 heterozygous parents

A
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16
Q

what is the rule for dihybrid crosses

A

always produce 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

17
Q

define co-dominant alleles

A

both alleles are expressed in the phenotypes

18
Q

draw out the first 2 geenrations of phenotypes produces when pure breed red (C^RC^R) and white (C^WC^W) snapdragons are bread together

A
19
Q

define multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles in a population

20
Q

define sex-linkage

A

a gene carried on the X chromosome

21
Q

explain which sex is more likely to express the recessive alleles found on the sex chromsomes in their phenotype

A

males
- they only have one copy of X chromsome so only need one copy of recessive alele in genotype to express recessive phenotype wherease females have 2 X chromosomes so need 2 copies of recessieve allele in their genotype to express the recessive phenotype

22
Q

find phenotype ratios

A
23
Q

define autosomal linkage

A

inheritance of 2 or more genes carried on the same autosome

24
Q

find phenotypic ratios for this example

A
25
Q

define epistasis

A

the allele of one gene affects or masks the expression of another gene

26
Q

In humans, Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant mutant allele of a gene. Draw a genetic diagram to show the possible genotypesand phenotypes of the offspring produced between a man with one allele for the disease and woman who does not suffer from the disease.

A
27
Q

In cocker spaniels, black coat colour is the result of a dominant allele and red coat colour is the result of a corresponding recessive allele.
Draw a genetic diagram to show a cross between a pure-breeding (homozygous) bitch with a black coat and a pure-breeding (homozygous) dog with a red coat.

A
28
Q

In cocker spaniels, black coat colour is the result of a dominant allele and red coat colour is the result of a corresponding recessive allele.
If the offspring of this first cross are interbred, calculate the probabilitythat any one of the offspring will have a red coat. Use a genetic diagram to show your working

A
29
Q

how do you calculate alle frequency using Hardy Weinberg

A

p + q = 1

p= dominant allels
q= recessive alleles

30
Q

how do you calculate the genotype frequency using Hardy Weinberg

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p^2 = homozygous dominant
2pq = heterozygous
q^2 = homozygous recessive

31
Q

what are assumptions made by hardy weinberg

A
  • mating is random
  • no immigration so new new alleles indroduced
  • no mutations so no new alleles created
  • no selection so no alleles favoured or eliminated
  • large population