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biology > paper 1: Monomers, Polymers: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

paper 1: Monomers, Polymers: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define a monomer

A

smaller, soluble molecules from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

define a polymer

A

molecules made from many similar monomers joined together

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3
Q

why are lipids not polymers

A

they don’t contain similar monomers

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4
Q

what is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate called

A

monomer: monosaccharide
polymer: polysaccharide

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5
Q

what is the monomer and polymer of a protein called

A

monomer: amino acid
polymer: polypeptide

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6
Q

what is the monomer and polymer of DNA/RNA called

A

monomer: nucleotide
polymer: polynucleotide

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7
Q

describe what happens during a condensation reaction

A

a condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a water molecule.

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8
Q

describe what happens during a hydrolysis reaction

A

a hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.

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9
Q

what is a monosaccharide and name 3 examples.

A

monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.
glucose, fructose, galactose

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10
Q

describe a disaccharide and give 3 examples

A

2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond which form during a condensation reaction
maltose, sucrose, lactose

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11
Q

describe a polysaccharide and give 3 examples

A

formed by the condensation of many repeating monosaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose

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12
Q

what is an isomer

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formula.

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13
Q

what is the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

name the two isomers of glucose

A

alpha glucose, beta glucose

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15
Q

draw the diagram of an alpha glucose molecule

A
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16
Q

Draw the diagram of a beta glucose molecule

A
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17
Q

describe the difference between the two isomers of alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

the position of the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on the carbon 1 are inverted.

18
Q

when two glucose molecules join together in a condensation reaction what forms

A

maltose and water

19
Q

when a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule join together in a condensation reaction what is produced

A

sucrose and water

20
Q

when a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule join together in condensation reaction what is produced

A

lactose and water

21
Q

draw a diagram of a condensation reaction of 2 glucose molecules

A
22
Q

draw a diagram showing a hydrolysis reaction of 2 glucose molecules

A
23
Q

which monosaccharide is glycogen and starch made out of

A

alpha glucose

24
Q

which monosaccharide is cellulose made from

A

beta glucose

25
Q

draw a diagram of the polysaccharides starch and glycogen

A
26
Q

draw a diagram of the polysaccharide cellulose

A
27
Q

how is the structure of cellulose different from the structure of glycogen and starch

A

in the cellulose polymer the monomers face in alternate directions rather than all the same way like a starch polymer.

28
Q

explain why the structure of the polysaccharide chains of starch/ glycogen and cellulose are different

A

starch and glycogen are polymers of alpha glucose whereas cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose.
in beta glucose the position of the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on the carbon 1 are inverted

29
Q

explai why it is useful that starch is branched

A
  • the branches provide more ends for enzymes to hydrolyse starch into glucose
  • so glucose is released faster in respiration
30
Q

how do the properties of starch relate to their function

A

coiled into a helix: compact so can fit a lot in a small space

insoluble: doesn’t effect osmosis
large: cannot diffuse across cell membrane and out of cells

highly branched: provides a larger surface area so can be more rapidly hydrolysed so glucose can be released more readily for respiration.

31
Q

how do the properties of glycogen relate to their function

A

coiled into a helix: compact so can fit a lot in a small space

insoluble: doesn’t effect osmosis
large: cannot diffuse across cell membrane and out of cells

highly branched: provides a larger surface area so can be more rapidly hydrolysed so glucose can be released more readily for respiration.

32
Q

describe the structure of cellulose

A

many beta-glucose molecules joined together, forming long, straight and unbranched chains of cellulose

33
Q

how do the properties of cellulose relate to its function

A
  • long, straight and unbranched chains of beta glucose
  • linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
  • provide strength and rigidity to plant cell walls.
34
Q

summarise the differences and similarities between cellulose, starch and glycogen

A
35
Q

name the three tests for carbohydrates

A

benedicts test for reducing sugars, benedicts test for non-reducing sugar, iodine solution test for starch.

36
Q

describe the benedicts test for reducing sugars

A
  • add benedicts solutions to sample and heat to 95 degrees
  • a colour change from blue to a brick red shows a positive result
  • if no change in colour then a non-reducing sugar is present
37
Q

suggest a way, other than comparing colour changes, in which different concentrations of reducing sugar could be estimated

A
  • filter and dry precipitate in each sample
  • find the mass
  • the higher the mass of the precipitate the more reducing sugar is present
38
Q

describe the test for non-reducing sugar (sucrose)

A
  • do benedicts test and if stays blue
  • boil a fresh sample with acid
  • then neutralise with **alkali **
  • heat with benedicts solution at 95 degrees
  • if **non-reducing sugar **is present, there will be a colour change from blue to orange/ red
39
Q

describe the test for starch

A
  • add iodine solution to sample
  • colour will change from orange to blue/black if starch is present
40
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

the main glucose store in animals

biology (30 decks)

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