paper 1: ATP, Inorganic Ions and Water Flashcards
where are inorganic ions found
cell cytoplasm and body fluids
what does inorganic mean
does not contain carbon
what is an ion
an atom or compound with a positive /negative electric charge
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
draw the simple structure of an ATP molecule
what is special about the bonds holding the phosphates together in an ATP molecule
they are high energy bonds
compare the structure of ATP to the structure of a DNA nucleotide
- DNA can contain any of the 4 bases, ATP only contains adenine
- DNA only contains one phosphate group , ATP contains 3
- DNA’s pentose sugar is deoxyribose, ATP is ribose
show a summary diagram o f the hydrolysis and condensation of ATP
which ways is the hydrolysis of ATP used in cells
- DNA replication
- active transport
- provide energy
- phosphorylate molecules to make them more reactive
describe how ATP is broken down and reformed
- ATP is broken down by breaking off one phosphate group during hydrolysis by the enzyme ATP hydrolase
- this makes ADP + Pi
- it is then reformed by a condensation reaction using ATP synthase
- this binds the inorganic phosphates (Pi) together
- ADP becomes ATP
Explain why ATP is useful in many biological processes
- releases energy in small amounts
- easily broken down
- lowers the activation energy of a reaction by phosphorylating enzymes
- can be broken down and reformed
what is the use of Iron ions in the body
- found in haemoglobin
- the Fe^2+ binds to the oxygen and transports it to respiring cells
- haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules as it has 4 peptide chains each with 1 Fe^2+
how are hydrogen ions useful in the body
- H^+ ions determine the pH of a solution
- the higher the concentration of H^+ ions, the lower the pH of a solution
- a high or low concentration of H^+ ions can denature proteins and enzymes which effect the rate of reactions
- H^+ ions are also used in photosynthesis and respiration along with ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and Pi
how are sodium ions used in the body
- involved in the absorption of glucose into the blood
- Na^+ ions are co-transported along with glucose into epithelial cells of the small intestine down a Na^+ concentration gradient
- involved with the production of electrical impulses
- involved with water reabsorption in the kidneys
how are phosphate ions used in the body
- phosphate ions (PO4^3-) are added to ADP to produce ATP in a condensation reaction during respiration and photosynthesis
- can be added to other molecule to make them more reactive
- can be used to join DNA and RNA nucleotides together via phosphodiester bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone
- makes up the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid bilayer
why are water molecules described as polar
oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive
how do H20 molecules form together to make water
weak hydrogen bonds form between the slightly negative oxygen from the one lone pair of electrons to one of the slightly positive hydrogen on a different molecule
what is the structure of a water molecule including the charges
explain how water is a metabolite
it allows chemical processes to occur
why is it biologically important that water is a metabolite
- required for hydrolysis
- produced during condensation reactions
explain how water is a solvent
water is polar so can allow solutes to dissolve in it to make a solution
why is it biologically important that water is a solvent
chemical reactions faster in cells when in a solution
explain how water has a high specific heat capacity
lots of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds and raise the temperature
why is it biologically important that water has a high specific heat capacity
- body temperature remains more stable
- good habitat as the temperature doesn’t change much
