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biology > paper 1: Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

paper 1: Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

give some examples of materials that need to be interchanged between an organism and its environment

A
  • respiratory gases
  • heat
  • nutrients
  • excretory products
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2
Q

what is the relationship between the size of an organism and the surface area volume ratio

A

the larger the organism the smaller the surface area: volume

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3
Q

by what process does a single celled organism get everything it needs from its environment

A

diffusion

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4
Q

why do larger animals have an advantage when they need to keep warm

A

they have a small surface area to volume ration so they lose heat at a slower rate

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5
Q

how do you calculate the rate of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion = surface area X difference in concentration
______________________________
diffusion distance

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6
Q

what makes a good exchange surface

A
  • large surface area
  • large concentration gradient
  • short diffusion distnace
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7
Q

why might a logarithmic scale be used to plot body mass of different organisms

A

dur to a large range of results a logarithmic scale is needed to fit the values of the graph axis

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8
Q

label each part of a mammalian respiratory system

A
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9
Q

define ventilation

A

a sequence of breathing movements that move gases to and from the internal gas exchange surface

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10
Q

describe the mechanisms of inhaling

A
  • external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract
  • ribcage moves up and out
  • diaphragm flattens
  • thoracic volume increases
  • lung pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure
  • air flows in from a higher pressure to the lower pressure down a pressure gradient
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11
Q

describe the mechanisms of forced exhalation

A
  • diaphragm muscles relax and the internal intercostal muscles contract
  • ribcage move in and down
  • diaphragm domes
  • the thoracic volume decreases
  • lung pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
  • air flows out from higher pressure to the lower pressure down a pressure gradient
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12
Q

what pathway does the oxygen take from the air to get into the blood stream

A

mouth, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

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13
Q

how are mammalian lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

short diffusion distance:
- alveolar epithelium is only one cell thick
- alveolar epithelial cells squamous
- lung capillary endothelium is one cell thick

large concentration gradient:
- ventilation constantly brings in air rich in oxygen into the alveoli and removes air low in oxygen
- blood capillaries carry oxygenated blood away from the alveoli and bring deoxygenated blood to the alveoli all the time

increased surface area:
- millions of alveoli in each lung
- each alveolus is highly folded
- many capillaries surrounding the alveoli

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14
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air in each breath

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15
Q

define ventilation rate

A

the number of breaths per minute

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16
Q

define forced expiratory volume

A

the maximum volume of air that can be breather out in one second

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17
Q

define forced vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a deep breath

18
Q

what is active tuberculosis and how does it effect lung function

A
  • holes and cavities in lung tissue
  • reduced surface area of gas exchange surface

- reduced surface area of gas exchange surface

19
Q

what is fibrosis and how do it effect lung function

A
  • scar tissue deposited in lung epithelium
  • less elastic lung tissue & increases thicknss of gas exchange surface
20
Q

what is asthma and how does it effect lung function

A
  • bronchioles narrow and mucus is secreted
  • less air entry & increases thickness of gas exchange surface
21
Q

what is emphysema and how does it effect lung function

A
  • alveoli walls break down and elastic tissue is lost
    • reduced surface area of gas exchange surface & less elastic lung tissue
22
Q

describe the flow of water over a fish’s gills

A
  • mouth opens and operculum shuts
  • mouth volume increases and pressure decreases
  • water moves in down a pressure gradient
  • mouth closes and operculum opens
  • volume in mouth decreases and pressure increases
  • water forced out over the gills down a pressure gradient
23
Q

draw and label the structure of a fish’s gas exchange system

A
24
Q

how are fish adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

Large Surface Area
- many lamellae, increases the rate of diffusion
Short Diffusion Distance
- thin epithelium/ distance between water and blood so short diffusion pathway
Concentration Gradient
- water and blood flow in opposite directions (this maintains a concentration gradient along the whole gill so equilibrium is not reached
- water always has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood
- blood flow removes blood high in oxygen and replaces it with blood low in oxygen to maintain concentration gradient

25
Q

what does ficks law state

A

diffusion rate is proportional to (surface area x difference in con.) / diffusion distance

26
Q

whta makes a good exchange surface

A
  • large surface area
  • large concentration gradients
  • short diffusion distance
27
Q

how is a concentration gradient maitained in the leaf of a xerophyte during the aytime for CO2

A
  • high rate of photosynthesis in the day
  • mesophyll cells use CO2 so CO2 diffuses into the cells down a concentration gradient from the air spaces
  • this lowers the CO2 concentration in the air spaces
  • CO2 diffuses into the leaf through the stomata down a conc grad.
28
Q

what are xerophytes

A

plants that live in a dry climate which have adapted to reduce water loss

29
Q

explain the adaptations of xerophytic plants

A
  • leaves are spines/ needles: reduces the SA:V ratio
  • thick waxy, waterproof cuticle: less evaporation from leaf surface and increased diffusion pathway
  • rolled lead and leaf hairs: traps water vapour which reduces the water potential gradient outisde and inside the leaf
  • stomata sunk in pits : traps water vapour so water potential gradient is decreased
30
Q

what is a dicotlyedonous leaf

A

a flowering plant

31
Q

label the sturtcure of a dicotyledonous leaf

A
32
Q

how do gases enter an leave the leaf

A

through stomata

33
Q

how do guard cells contol water loss

A

by opening and closing the stomata

34
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

35
Q

write the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

36
Q

what deatures do insects have to reduce water loss

A
  • Some have a small surface area to volume ratio
  • They have a waterproof cuticle covering their body
  • They close their spiracles
37
Q

draw and label the structure of an insects respiratory system

A
38
Q

Describe how a diffusion gradient of oxygen is formed in the tracheal system.

A
  • Cells aerobically respire using oxygen, which reduces the concentration of oxygen at the muscle tissue.
  • Oxygen diffuses from a high concentration in the tracheae to low at the muscle tissue.
  • This lowers the oxygen concentration in the tracheae so oxygen diffuses into the tracheae from outside the insect via the spiracles.
39
Q

how are insects adapted for effcient gas exchange

A
  • many tracheoles for a large surface area
  • highly branched tracheoles so short diffusion pathway
  • tracheoles have thin walls - short diffusion pathway
  • large inseacts move thier body to move gases in and out ( removes air low in O2 to inrease the oxygen conc. grad.)
40
Q

why is water present in the ends of tracheoles at rest

A

there is a higher water potential in the tissue cells rather than in the tracheoles so water moves into tracheoles by osmosis

41
Q

when the insect is active, explain why the wtaer moves into the muscle cells and how does this increase the rate of gas exchange

A
  1. insect is acitve and carries out a higher rate of respiration
  2. muscle cells produce lactic acid
  3. lactic acid makes water potential i muscle cells lower than in tracheoles
  4. water moves out the tracheole and into muscle cells by osmosis
  5. less water in the tracheole so larger surface area for gas exchange and faster diffusion through the air to the gas exchange surface

biology (30 decks)

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