paper 1: Species and Taxonomy Flashcards
name the heirachical taxonomic ranks used in the classification of species
domain, kingdon, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
what is the naming system used in biological classification called
the bionomial system
what is courtship behaviour
behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species
why can courtship behaviour be used to classify species
courtship behavior is species specific so only members of the same species will display the same courtship behaviour.
describe ways in which courtship behaviour makes organisms more likely to mate successfully
- enables individuals to recognise members of their own species
- enabes individuals to recognise memebers of the opposite sex
- stimulates th release of gametes
- indication of fertility and sexual maturity
which biochemicals can be compared to determine evolutionary relationships
- comparing DNA/mRNA base sequences
- DNA hybridisation
- immunological analysis
- comparing amino acid sequences of the same protein
describe the method of determining relationships by DNA hybridisation
- DNA strands from 2 different species are separated by heating and then mixed together
- the DNA double helix is then allowed o reform between te strands from different species
- the more similar DNA sequences the more hydrogen bonds form between complimentary base pairs
- a higher temperature is needed to separate the strands again
describe the method of determining relationships by immunological analysis
- inject sample 1 protein into an animal
- animal produces specific antobodies against sample 1 protein
- antibodies are removed from animal and mixed with the same protein but from differen sample.
when antibodies bind the proteins a precipitate is formed - the more similar the proteins, the more antibodies will bind and therefore there will be more precipitate
how can DNA and mRNA be used to determine the evolutionary relationship between 2 species
- the more similar the base sequences, the closer related the species are
what is meant by biodiversity
the variety of organisms living in an area
what is species richness
the measure of the number of species in a community
define habiat
all indiviuals of the same species in a habitat
define community
all the populations of all the different species in a habitat
define index of diversity
the relationship between the number of different sepcies in a community and the number of individuals of each species
how to calculate index of diversity
d = N(N-1)
_____
Σn(n-1)
N= total number of individuals in all species n= toteal number of organisms in each species
suggest one advantage to farmers removing hedgerows from their land
increases crop yield as farmer os able to grow more crops
suggest what impact hedgerow removal will have on insect biodiversity on the farm
- decreases variety of plant species
- which deacreses variey of habitats
- which decreases variety of food sources
which decreases variety of naimla species
suggest how using herbicides reduces biodiversity
- kills weeds which compete with crops so deacreases variety of plant species
- decreases variety of plant species
- which decreases variety of food sources
- which decreases the variety of animal secies
suggest how using pestecides reduces biodiversity
- kills pests that eat crops
- which decreases variety of animal species
- which mean predators which prey on pests leave/ die which further decreases animal diversity
suggest how using monoculture reduces biodiversity
- a single species of plant in one field
- means theres less variety of food sources and habitats for animals
state reasons for conserving woodlands
- protect habitats
- protect endangered species
- maintain/ increase biodiversity
- source of medicines/ chemicals/ wood
how can samples be obtained
by using a random number generator on a calculator or random number table
why must a sample be randomly selected
to pmrevent biased data
why must a large sample be collected
- it creates a more representative sample of data
- more reliable mean
- allows stats to be run
what does standard deviation show
the variation of data around th mean