paper 1: Species and Taxonomy

Question 1

name the heirachical taxonomic ranks used in the classification of species

Answer 1

domain, kingdon, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 2

what is the naming system used in biological classification called

Answer 2

the bionomial system

Question 3

what is courtship behaviour

Answer 3

behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species

Question 4

why can courtship behaviour be used to classify species

Answer 4

courtship behavior is species specific so only members of the same species will display the same courtship behaviour.

Question 5

describe ways in which courtship behaviour makes organisms more likely to mate successfully

Answer 5

• enables individuals to recognise members of their own species
• enabes individuals to recognise memebers of the opposite sex
• stimulates th release of gametes
• indication of fertility and sexual maturity

Question 6

which biochemicals can be compared to determine evolutionary relationships

Answer 6

• comparing DNA/mRNA base sequences
• DNA hybridisation
• immunological analysis
• comparing amino acid sequences of the same protein

Question 7

describe the method of determining relationships by DNA hybridisation

Answer 7

• DNA strands from 2 different species are separated by heating and then mixed together
• the DNA double helix is then allowed o reform between te strands from different species
• the more similar DNA sequences the more hydrogen bonds form between complimentary base pairs
• a higher temperature is needed to separate the strands again

Question 8

describe the method of determining relationships by immunological analysis

Answer 8

• inject sample 1 protein into an animal
• animal produces specific antobodies against sample 1 protein
• antibodies are removed from animal and mixed with the same protein but from differen sample.
  when antibodies bind the proteins a precipitate is formed
• the more similar the proteins, the more antibodies will bind and therefore there will be more precipitate

Question 9

how can DNA and mRNA be used to determine the evolutionary relationship between 2 species

Answer 9

• the more similar the base sequences, the closer related the species are

Question 10

what is meant by biodiversity

Answer 10

the variety of organisms living in an area

Question 11

what is species richness

Answer 11

the measure of the number of species in a community

Question 12

define habiat

Answer 12

all indiviuals of the same species in a habitat

Question 13

define community

Answer 13

all the populations of all the different species in a habitat

Question 14

define index of diversity

Answer 14

the relationship between the number of different sepcies in a community and the number of individuals of each species

Question 15

how to calculate index of diversity

Answer 15

d = N(N-1)
_____
Σn(n-1)

N= total number of individuals in all species 
n= toteal number of organisms in each species

Question 16

suggest one advantage to farmers removing hedgerows from their land

Answer 16

increases crop yield as farmer os able to grow more crops

Question 17

suggest what impact hedgerow removal will have on insect biodiversity on the farm

Answer 17

• decreases variety of plant species
• which deacreses variey of habitats
• which decreases variety of food sources
  which decreases variety of naimla species

Question 18

suggest how using herbicides reduces biodiversity

Answer 18

• kills weeds which compete with crops so deacreases variety of plant species
• decreases variety of plant species
• which decreases variety of food sources
• which decreases the variety of animal secies

Question 19

suggest how using pestecides reduces biodiversity

Answer 19

• kills pests that eat crops
• which decreases variety of animal species
• which mean predators which prey on pests leave/ die which further decreases animal diversity

Question 20

suggest how using monoculture reduces biodiversity

Answer 20

• a single species of plant in one field
• means theres less variety of food sources and habitats for animals

Question 21

state reasons for conserving woodlands

Answer 21

• protect habitats
• protect endangered species
• maintain/ increase biodiversity
• source of medicines/ chemicals/ wood

Question 22

how can samples be obtained

Answer 22

by using a random number generator on a calculator or random number table

Question 23

why must a sample be randomly selected

Answer 23

to pmrevent biased data

Question 24

why must a large sample be collected

Answer 24

• it creates a more representative sample of data
• more reliable mean
• allows stats to be run

Question 25

what does standard deviation show

Answer 25

the variation of data around th mean