Panic (studies)

Question 1

APA, 2013

Answer 1

• DSM-V criteria for Panic
o It is an anxiety disorder based primarily on the occurrence of panic attacks, which are recurrent and often unexpected.
o In addition, at least one attack is followed by one month or more of the person fearing that they will have more attacks. This causes them to change their behaviour, which often includes avoiding situations that might induce an attack.
o It’s important to note that a panic disorder diagnosis must rule out other potential causes for the panic attack or what feels like one.
 The attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (such as drug use or a medication) or a general medical condition.
 The attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder. These may include a social phobia or another specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or separation anxiety disorder

Question 2

Denny, 1991

Answer 2

avoidance provides instant short-term relief but maintains long term effect of exaggerating perceptions of threat preventing new learning

Question 3

Abramowitz et al, 2019

Answer 3

Adrenaline is released to increase Heart rate and breathing; this only lasts a limited time and body will return to normal state

Question 4

Papworth and Marrinan, 2018

Answer 4

if avoid the situation experience the same amount of anxiety every time they are in the situation
3 stages of exposure
o Orientate client to treatment
o Generate a hierarchy of feared situations
o Carry out exposure work

Question 5

michie et al, 2011

Answer 5

 Can give recovery stories to increase capability
 Practitioner can guide planning exposure work and helps to problem solve and difficulties using COM-B
 A means of increasing capability essential to ensure clear rationale.

Question 6

Thwaites and Freeston, 2005

Answer 6

clients may use things to avoid full anxiety, e.g. directing attention elsewhere. Prevent feeling anxiety, reducing chances for habituation. Clients may need help recognising them and why they are counterproductive

Question 7

Kolb, 2014

Answer 7

Progress reviewed at each contact, consolidates learning and recognition of the headway they are making in meeting goals.

Question 8

Wells, 2013

Answer 8

‘behavioural strategies offer the momst powerful means to cognitive change in cognitive therapy’

Question 9

Deacon and Abramowitz, 2004; Morton and Price, 2007

Answer 9

-Exposure is effective for a range of anxiety disorders.

Question 10

Gil et al, 2001

Answer 10

– exposure is effective at reducing social phobia

Question 11

Silvers et al, 1999

Answer 11

• considerable support for exposure-based therapies in the treatment of youth phobias.

Question 12

Menzies and Clarke (1993)

Answer 12

demonstrated that specific phobias in children can be effectively treated with exposure in vivo

Question 13

Muris et al 1998

Answer 13

– Children spider phobia effectively treated in in vivo exposure

Question 14

Aaronson et al, 2008

Answer 14

o Panic Control Treatment has shown efficacy as an individual CBT

Question 15

Heldt et al 2006

Answer 15

has shown efficacy as an group CBT

Question 16

Schneider et al (2005)

Answer 16

Explored Internet- Guided self-Help, effective at reducing panic and phobias

Question 17

Choy et al 2007

Answer 17

o Whilst effective, does require clients to tolerate high distress which can create avoidance and high drop out rates

Question 18

Rachman et al 2008

Answer 18

o Can allow safety behaviours in initial stages, gradually phasing them out

Question 19

Thwaites et al, 2014

Answer 19

Practicing techniques on own fears can be useful to put self in clients shoes and be more empathetic

Question 20

Becker, Zayfert, and Anderson (2004)

Answer 20

many CBT practitioners believe that the aversive nature of exposure therapy will increase drop-out levels

Question 21

Powers and Emmelkamp, 2008

Answer 21

• Review concluded that virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) was highly effective in treating phobias