CR (Studies)

Question 1

Beck (1976)

Answer 1

– cognitive triad – negative view of the world, themselves and the future in depression

Question 2

Berenbaum et al (2007)

Answer 2

– Exaggerated perceptions of threat in anxiety

Question 3

Barlow, 2002

Answer 3

• overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes and underestimate their ability to cope

Question 4

Papworth and Marrinan, 2018

Answer 4

o 4 categories of unhelpful thinking styles
• 3 stages of Thought challenging
- exploration of worries may lead to more worries -why thought challenging isn’t suitable to GAD

Question 5

Greenberger and Padesky, 2015; Williams, 2014

Answer 5

can be more difficult for client, helpful to use prompts to see from another perspective, e.g. what would a friend say? What would you say to a friend? May be helpful referring to patterns of biased thinking

Question 6

Michie et al, 2011

Answer 6

Can be helpful prior to exposure or Behavioural experiments. Clients may be reluctant to carry out techniques, this may increase engagement, increase confidence and motivation.

Question 7

Beck (1970, 1976), D’ZurilIa and Goldfried (1971), and Meichenbaum (1969, 1977)

Answer 7

• have developed variations of cognitive restructuring

Question 8

(Meichenbaum, 1972

Answer 8

o test anxiety

Question 9

Meichenbaum et al 1971; Fremouw & Zitter, 1978

Answer 9

o speech anxiety

Question 10

Rush et al, 1977

Answer 10

o depression

Question 11

Novaco, 1975

Answer 11

o anger

Question 12

Bryant et al, 1998

Answer 12

• successful treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (a precursor of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder) with CBT and its efficacy in preventing chronic PTSD.

Question 13

Longmore & Worrell (2007)

Answer 13

A comprehensive review.
• Little evidence that specific cognitive interventions significantly increase the effectiveness of CBT.
• There is little empirical support for the role of cognitive change as causal in the symptomatic improvements achieved in CBT.
• The review showed that, almost without exception, component studies found no difference in effectiveness between the cognitive and behavioural elements of CBT.

Question 14

Beck et al, 1979

Answer 14

3 levels of cognition
Core beliefs
Assumptions/rules for living
NATs

Question 15

Beck, 1976

Answer 15

 Assumptions/rules for living – guided principles, influence interactions, usually one thing is conditional upon another. Shaped by core beliefs -mental rule book for living

Question 16

Kinsella and Garland, 2008

Answer 16

o CR focuses on NATs

Question 17

Greer et al (2010)

Answer 17

are thoughts questions? -difficult to challenge, more worries -can guide client to make clear statements, more accessible to be evaluated