Anxiety (studies)

Question 1

APA, 2013

Answer 1

• The DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition), 2013) criteria for GAD includes;
o The presence of excessive anxiety and worry about a variety of topics, events, or activities. Worry occurs often for at least 6 months.
o The anxiety and worry are accompanied with at least three of the following physical or cognitive symptoms (In children, only one symptom is necessary for a diagnosis of GAD):
 Edginess or restlessness
 Tiring easily; more fatigued than usual
 Impaired concentration or feeling as though the mind goes blank
 Irritability (which may or may not be observable to others)
 Increased muscle aches or soreness
 Difficulty sleeping (due to trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, restlessness at night, or unsatisfying sleep)

Question 2

Dugas, 2001

Answer 2

Intolerance to uncertainity

Question 3

Borkovec et al, 1991

Answer 3

Clients believe that worries will prepare them for events that they are worried about

Question 4

Greer et al (2010)

Answer 4

• This is different to cognitive restructuring as thoughts are often questions and start with what if? -difficult to challenge using CR

Question 5

Michie et al, 2011

Answer 5

• This illustrates that the worries are within their own control. This can be motivating and increase a clients perceived capability throughout treatment

Question 6

Papworth and Marrinan, 2018

Answer 6

5 stages to Worry Management 
o	Introduce the approach 
o	Schedule in Worry time
o	Make a list of hypothetical worries and focus away from the worry
o	Use the worry time
o	Review the learning

Question 7

Roemer and Orsillo, 2002

Answer 7

 Redirect focus away from the worry by focusing attention on current activities and engaging fully in the experience -> could use the five senses or mindfulness

Question 8

Chellingsworth and Farrand, 2016

Answer 8

 Self-help materials provide useful questions to ask themselves e.g. how did they feel about the worry at worry time compared to when wrote it down? Where they still a problem? Could you stay focused on worries

Question 9

Leahy, 2004

Answer 9

 If can’t focus on worries -challenges idea that they can’t stop thinking about them

Question 10

NICE (2011)

Answer 10

Following techniques are useful in the treatment for GAD…
 Worry diary - practical vs. hypothetical
 Worry time
 Problem solving for practical worries
 Progressive muscle relaxation

Question 11

Paxling, 2011

Answer 11

– Included worry management within treatment. The treatment group showed significant improvement compared with the control group. Results at 1- and 3-year follow-up indicated that treatment results improved or were maintained

Question 12

Fiorentino et al, 2010

Answer 12

-Self-rated insomnia was significantly improved in the treatment group compared to the waiting period in the delayed treatment control group.

Question 13

Alexandru et al, 2009

Answer 13

– PMR is an effective technique to treat insomnia and improves sleep onset time

Question 14

Saeedi et al, 2010

Answer 14

– PMR can also increase the quality of sleep

Question 15

Jacobson et al, 1938

Answer 15

o PMR

Question 16

Arntz, 2003

Answer 16

• At one-month follow-up those who had been treated with relaxation techniques tended to do better than other CBT treatments, with CBT catching up at six months. These results confirm that both CBT and Relaxation techniques are effective treatments for GAD

Question 17

Chellingsworth and Farrand (2016)

Answer 17

-worksheets noting down worries and activities to help refocus them